5. You are given three different substances that are known mutagens. Using a variety of techniques, you analyze the results of exposure to these substances. Your findings are shown in the table below. Using this data, match each of the three substances with one of the following molecular properties and explain your choice Molecular Properties I. One mutagen that looks like cytosine but forms a covalent bond with guanine II. One mutagen that can bind with either adenine or guanine III. A molecule that can insert itself between two base pairs in a DNA strand Substance Result of exposure A B C Increases the number of mutants that produce mRNA with AGA codons instead of AAA codons Significantly fewer viable colonies Increase in mutants containing frameshift mutations Substance Molecular Reason for choice property A B 8

5. You are given three different substances that are known mutagens. Using a variety of techniques, you analyze the results of exposure to these substances. Your findings are shown in the table below. Using this data, match each of the three substances with one of the following molecular properties and explain your choice Molecular Properties I. One mutagen that looks like cytosine but forms a covalent bond with guanine II. One mutagen that can bind with either adenine or guanine III. A molecule that can insert itself between two base pairs in a DNA strand Substance Result of exposure A B C Increases the number of mutants that produce mRNA with AGA codons instead of AAA codons Significantly fewer viable colonies Increase in mutants containing frameshift mutations Substance Molecular Reason for choice property A B 8

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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5. A scientist was studying a fragment of eukaryotic DNA that she suspected was involved in a disease process. She isolated the fragment from the genomic DNA and then labeled the ends of the DNA with radioactive tags. This radioactively labeled fragment was then subjected to 3 restriction enzyme digest treatments: EcoRI single digest, BamHI single digest and ECORI/BamHI double digest. The results are shown on the following table. The asterisk (*) indicated fragments containing the radioactive label. Restriction Enzyme Fragment Size (bp) |400, 200*, 100*, 50 350*, 250, 150* 250, 200*, 10o*, 50 ВатHI EcoRI +BamHI Draw the restriction map for this DNA fragment.
5b. When you mutagenize a diploid organism, chances are astronomically high that you will be creating a heterozygote on the spot. Why would your mutation be heterozygous and not homozygous?
1. Determine the effect of the following mutations on the DNA sequence. In each case, the mutation is described after the sequence (REFER TO THE SUPPLEMENTAL DOCUMENT FOR GUIDANCE TO THIS QUESTION). Adenine nucleotide (A shown in red below) was inserted into the DNA sequence at the position indicated by the arrow). Write out the sequence of the mutated DNA and the protein made from it. What is the effect of this mutation on the protein? (For example, how will the mutation affect the length and sequence of the protein? What about the function of the protein?) A 3' TACATGG'TTGTGCTAATT 5'
2. Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by the abnormal gene for hemoglobin S. A single substitution oc- curs in which glutamic acid is substituted for valine in the sixth position of the hemoglobin molecule. This change reduces hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen. a. Discuss the process by which mutation occurs in base substitution. b. Biologists used gel electrophoresis to initially identify the mutant gene. Explain how gel electrophoresis could be applied to the identification of the gene mutation. Discuss the use of restriction enzymes. c. Hemoglobin S is transmitted as a simple Mendelian allele. Describe the outcome if a female who does not carry the abnormal allele mates with a male homozygous for the disease. Include a Punnett square and pheno- typic and genotypic ratios.
3. In future lectures we will describe a technique known as Northern blotting that can be used to detect RNA transcribed from a particular gene. Briefly, in this method a specific RNA is detected using a short segment of cloned DNA as a probe. The DNA probe, which is radioactive, is complementary to the RNA that the researcher wishes to detect. After the radioactive probe DNA basepairs to the RNA, the RNA is visualized as a dark (radioactive) band on an X-ray film. As shown here, the method of Northern blotting can be used to determine the amount of a particular RNA transcribed in a given cell type. If one type of cell produces twice as much of a particular mRNA as occurs in another cell, the band will appear twice as intense. Also, the method can distinguish if alternative RNA splicing has occurred to produce an RNA that has a different molecular mass. 875 nucleotides 675 nucleotides 1 Northern blot 2 - 3 Lane 1 is a sample of RNA isolated from nerve cells. Lane 2 is a sample of RNA…
3. Your PhD thesis advisor has given you the task of preparing a human genomic DNA library. a. How will you prepare DNA fragments from the human genomic DNA for use in construction of this library assuming that you want the insert sizes to be about 20000bp in size? b. What vector will you use for construction of this library? c. How will you ligate the genomic DNA fragments into the vector? d. What host will you use for propagation of your library? e. What probe would you use for screening your library assuming that you wanted to isolate the human insulin gene? f. How many clones would you have to screen to be pretty sure that you will indeed find a clone for insulin?
1. The image below shows the base cytosine and a methylated form of cytosine that occurs frequentlyin the human genome. Use your knowledge of DNA structure to answer these questions: a. Does methylation of cytosine affect its ability to base-pair with guanine? Explain. b. Could methylation of cytosine affect the binding of a protein that interacts with a C-G basepair in the major groove? Explain your answer.
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12.please match with the type of mutation