Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained. Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol. In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 8.7, Problem 8.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of 2-methyl pentan-2-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

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Heparin is used as an anti-coagulant. A risk of heparin use is thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count. This risk is minimized with the use of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), therefore it is desirable to separate LMWH from higher molecular weight heparins. The method of choice to do this is molecular exclusion chromatography. Below is a chromatogram from a molecular exclusion chromatographic run. Peaks ranging from A to J are clearly distinguishable. The heparin mixture that was analyzed had anywhere from 6 to 30 repeat units of monomer (where the heparin with 30 repeat units would be roughly five times the size of the heparin with six repeat units). a. Which letter most likely represents the peak with 6 repeat units given these heparin polymers were separated with molecular exclusion chromatography? b. Explain your reasoning describing the mechanism of retention in molecular exclusion chromatography. 100 80 60 60 Relative Abundance 40 40 E GH 20 20 B A 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 50…

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8.7, Problem 8.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of 2-methyl pentan-2-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8.7, Problem 8.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of 2-methyl pentan-2-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8.7, Problem 8.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of 2-methyl pentan-2-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

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Answer 5

Chapter 8.7, Problem 8.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of 2-methyl pentan-2-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

Answer 6

Chapter 8.7, Problem 8.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

Answer 7

Chapter 8.7, Problem 8.16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of pentan-1-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of heptan-7-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of lithium used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

In this reaction, the number of carbons in the carbonyl chain increases.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of 2-methyl pentan-2-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Synthesis of 2-methyl pentan-2-ol (alcohol) using a starting material containing no more than four carbons needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction: Organometallic reagents of magnesium that is Grignard reagent (RMgX) used in the formation of alcohol by reacting with carbonyl compounds. In organometallic reagent, the alkyl part is negatively charged which acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to form alcohol.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 8.1E Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 8.2E Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 8.4TIY Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 8.5E Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 8.6E Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 8.7E Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 8.8E Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 8.9E Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 8.10E Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 8.11E

Solution Summary: The author explains the reaction of butyl lithium and formaldehyde to form alcohol using a starting material containing no more than four carbons.

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