Concept explainers
Videos
Interpretation:
The chemical composition of a detergent is to be stated. The explanation as to how detergent removes oil and grease from fabric is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The process via which soaps and detergents remove the dust particles (dust, grease, oil, etc) from the cloths or any other surface is termed as a cleaning process.
Answer to Problem 142A
The chemical composition of detergent is builders, surfactants, bleaches, enzymes, and other ingredients like optical brighteners, softeners, colorants, etc. The polar part of the detergent attracts with water and the non-polar part attracts with dust particles. After scrubbing, dust particles pull away from the clothes.
Explanation of Solution
Commonly the laundry detergent is used to wash clothes. The laundry detergent is composed of the following chemicals:
1. Surfactants: Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water so that water can wet the cloth very well. Surfactant absorbs into dust particles, forms an emulsion with water to clean dust. Therefore, surfactants are accountable for cleaning. Alkylbenzene sulfonates are one of the most common surfactant.
2. Builders: It is known that some metal (Ca and Mg) carbonate and bicarbonate present in water as a mineral. These metal ions can react with surfactant scum which makes the detergent less effective. Builders act as a chelating agent that removes these metal (Ca and Mg) carbonate and bicarbonate minerals via chelation and precipitation. Zeolites, polycarboxylates, silicates, citrates, etc are the most common builders.
3. Bleaches: As the name indicates bleach is used to remove color dust. Common bleach is sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, etc. These bleaches are inactive in solid-state but become active when contact with water.
4. Other ingredients: The other ingredients are optical brighteners, softeners, colorants, etc. Perfume is also used in today’s detergent.
Cleaning Action of Detergents: The detergent dissociates into cations and anions. For example, the ionization of detergent sodium alkyl sulfate is shown below.
The alkyl part of the detergent anion is hydrophobic in nature which is attracted by dust particles. The sulfate part of the detergent anion is hydrophilic in nature which is attracted by water. Therefore, the detergent anion forms micelle with water. After scrubbing, dust particles pull away from the clothes.
The chemical composition of detergent is builders, surfactants, bleaches, enzymes, and other ingredients like optical brighteners, softeners, colorants, etc. The polar part of the detergent attracts with water and the nonpolar part attracts with dust particles. After scrubbing, dust particles pull away from the clothes.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Glencoe Chemistry: Matter and Change, Student Edition
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (9th Edition)
Introductory Chemistry (6th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (2nd Edition)
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (13th Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- . 3°C with TH 12. (10pts total) Provide the major product for each reaction depicted below. If no reaction occurs write NR. Assume heat dissipation is carefully controlled in the fluorine reaction. 3H 24 total (30) 24 21 2h • 6H total ● 8H total 34 래 Br2 hv major product will be most Substituted 12 hv Br NR I too weak of a participate in P-1 F₂ hv Statistically most favored product will be major = most subst = thermo favored hydrogen atom abstractor to LL Farrow_forwardFive chemistry project topic that does not involve practicalarrow_forwardPlease correct answer and don't used hand raitingarrow_forward
- Q2. Consider the hydrogenation of ethylene C2H4 + H2 = C2H6 The heats of combustion and molar entropies for the three gases at 298 K are given by: C2H4 C2H6 H2 AH comb/kJ mol¹ -1395 -1550 -243 Sº / J K¹ mol-1 220.7 230.4 131.1 The average heat capacity change, ACP, for the reaction over the temperature range 298-1000 K is 10.9 J K¹ mol¹. Using these data, determine: (a) the standard enthalpy change at 800 K (b) the standard entropy change at 800 K (c) the equilibrium constant at 800 K.arrow_forward13. (11pts total) Consider the arrows pointing at three different carbon-carbon bonds in the molecule depicted below. Bond B Bond A Bond C a. (2pts) Which bond between A-C is weakest? Which is strongest? Place answers in appropriate boxes. Weakest Bond Strongest Bond b. (4pts) Consider the relative stability of all cleavage products that form when bonds A, B, AND C are homolytically cleaved/broken. Hint: cleavage products of bonds A, B, and C are all carbon radicals. i. Which ONE cleavage product is the most stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. ii. Which ONE cleavage product is the least stable? A condensed or bond line representation is fine. c. (5pts) Use principles discussed in lecture, supported by relevant structures, to succinctly explain the why your part b (i) radical is more stable than your part b(ii) radical. Written explanation can be no more than one-two succinct sentence(s)! Googlearrow_forwardPrint Last Name, First Name Initial Statifically more chances to abstract one of these 6H 11. (10pts total) Consider the radical chlorination of 1,3-diethylcyclohexane depicted below. 4 4th total • 6H total 래 • 4H total 21 total ZH 2H Statistical H < 3° C-H weakest - product abstraction here bund leads to thermo favored a) (6pts) How many unique mono-chlorinated products can be formed and what are the structures for the thermodynamically and statistically favored products? Product 6 Number of Unique Mono-Chlorinated Products Thermodynamically Favored Product Statistically Favored Product b) (4pts) Draw the arrow pushing mechanism for the FIRST propagation step (p-1) for the formation of the thermodynamically favored product. Only draw the p-1 step. You do not need to include lone pairs of electrons. No enthalpy calculation necessary H H-Cl Waterfoxarrow_forward
- 10. (5pts) Provide the complete arrow pushing mechanism for the chemical transformation → depicted below Use proper curved arrow notation that explicitly illustrates all bonds being broken, and all bonds formed in the transformation. Also, be sure to include all lone pairs and formal charges on all atoms involved in the flow of electrons. CH3O II HA H CH3O-H H ①arrow_forwardDo the Lone Pairs get added bc its valence e's are a total of 6 for oxygen and that completes it or due to other reasons. How do we know the particular indication of such.arrow_forwardNGLISH b) Identify the bonds present in the molecule drawn (s) above. (break) State the function of the following equipments found in laboratory. Omka) a) Gas mask b) Fire extinguisher c) Safety glasses 4. 60cm³ of oxygen gas diffused through a porous hole in 50 seconds. How long w 80cm³ of sulphur(IV) oxide to diffuse through the same hole under the same conditions (S-32.0.0-16.0) (3 m 5. In an experiment, a piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned with steel w clean magnesium ribbon was placed in a crucible and completely burnt in oxy cooling the product weighed 4.0g a) Explain why it is necessary to clean magnesium ribbon. Masterclass Holiday assignmen PB 2arrow_forward
- Hi!! Please provide a solution that is handwritten. Ensure all figures, reaction mechanisms (with arrows and lone pairs please!!), and structures are clearly drawn to illustrate the synthesis of the product as per the standards of a third year organic chemistry course. ****the solution must include all steps, mechanisms, and intermediate structures as required. Please hand-draw the mechanisms and structures to support your explanation. Don’t give me AI-generated diagrams or text-based explanations, no wordy explanations on how to draw the structures I need help with the exact mechanism hand drawn by you!!! I am reposting this—ensure all parts of the question are straightforward and clear or please let another expert handle it thanks!!arrow_forwardIn three dimensions, explain the concept of the velocity distribution function of particles within the kinetic theory of gases.arrow_forwardIn the kinetic theory of gases, explain the concept of the velocity distribution function of particles in space.arrow_forward
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY