Concept explainers
(a)
INTREPRETATION:
The product formed for the reaction between fumarate and
CONCEPT INTRODUCTION:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
The curved arrows are generally used to indicate the flow of electrons present in the reaction.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of
Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.
Oxidizing Reagents: The chemical agents used to add oxygen or remove hydrogen which finally reduced on oxidizing the other compound.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.
R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.
The CIP rules are as follows:
Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing
If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.
(b)
INTREPRETATION:
The product formed for the reaction between maleate and
CONCEPT INTRODUCTION:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.
The curved arrows are generally used to indicate the flow of electrons present in the reaction.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.
Oxidizing Reagents: The chemical agents used to add oxygen or remove hydrogen which finally reduced on oxidizing the other compound.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.
R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.
The CIP rules are as follows:
Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.
If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.
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Chapter 6 Solutions
Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
- 3. Propose a synthesis for the following transformation. Do not draw an arrow-pushing mechanism below, but make sure to draw the product of each proposed step (3 points). CN + En CNarrow_forward3) Propagation of uncertainty. Every measurement has uncertainty. In this problem, we'll evaluate the uncertainty in every step of a titration of potassium hydrogen phthalate (a common acid used in titrations, abbreviated KHP, formula CsH5KO4) with NaOH of an unknown concentration. The calculation that ultimately needs to be carried out is: concentration NaOH 1000 x mass KHP × purity KHP molar mass KHP x volume NaOH Measurements: a) You use a balance to weigh 0.3992 g of KHP. The uncertainty is ±0.15 mg (0.00015 g). b) You use a buret to slowly add NaOH to the KHP until it reaches the endpoint. It takes 18.73 mL of NaOH. The uncertainty of the burst is 0.03 mL.. c) The manufacturer states the purity of KHP is 100%±0.05%. d) Even though we don't think much about them, molar masses have uncertainty as well. The uncertainty comes from the distribution of isotopes, rather than random measurement error. The uncertainty in the elements composing KHP are: a. Carbon: b. Hydrogen: ±0.0008…arrow_forwardDon't used hand raiting and don't used Ai solutionarrow_forward
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Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning