Chapter 6, Problem 30P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.

Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product for the given reaction should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product obtained from the acid catalyzed hydration of given alkene should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.

Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product obtained from the acid catalyzed hydration of given alkene should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of $C=C$ then it is named as $syn$ addition if it is placed on opposite sides of $C=C$ it is defined as anti-addition.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product obtained from addition of $HBr$ with the given compound should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

The product of electrophilic addition reaction obtained by addition of electrophile to $s{p}^2$ carbon and the reaction goes the path which has formation of more stable carbocation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.

Cation: The positively charged chemical species is referred as cation.

Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major product obtained from addition of $HBr$ with the given compound should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

The product of electrophilic addition reaction obtained by addition of electrophile to $s{p}^2$ carbon and the reaction goes the path which has formation of more stable carbocation.

Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Chemical reaction involves bond making and breaking of two or more reactants in order to attain products from the reactants.

Cation: The positively charged chemical species is referred as cation.

Regioselective reaction: They are reactions which contain more than one product which are actually molecules with same molecular formula but different in the way they are connected and among those products only one product is major.