Principles of Modern Chemistry
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079113
Author: David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 3, Problem 17P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The graph should be drawn for effective potential energy curve for
Concept introduction:
The average distance present between the nuclei of two linked atoms in a molecule is known as bond length.
The energy needed to break a
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3) An empirical function that might be used to represent the molecular energy is
E=0 一
B
where A and B are positive constants. Find A and B in terms of the equilibrium separation Req and the
dissociation energy Eo.
Is this correct?
H2 has equilibrium bond length of 0.751 Å and bond dissociation energy of 432 kJ mol21 , whereas F2 has equilibrium bond length of 1.417 Å and bond dissociation energy of 155 kJ mol21. On the same graph show qualitativesketches of the effective potential energy curve Veff for an H2 and an F2 molecule. In your solution, show the conversion from kJ mol21 to the energy of a single molecule.
Chapter 3 Solutions
Principles of Modern Chemistry
Ch. 3 - Before the element scandium was discovered in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2PCh. 3 - Prob. 3PCh. 3 - Prob. 4PCh. 3 - Prob. 5PCh. 3 - A gold nucleus is located at the origin of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 7PCh. 3 - A gold nucleus is located at the origin of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 9PCh. 3 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 3 - Use the data in Table 3.1 to plot the logarithm of...Ch. 3 - Use the data in Table 3.1 to plot the logarithm of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 13PCh. 3 - Prob. 14PCh. 3 - Prob. 15PCh. 3 - Prob. 16PCh. 3 - Prob. 17PCh. 3 - Prob. 18PCh. 3 - HF has equilibrium bond length of 0.926 A and bond...Ch. 3 - Prob. 20PCh. 3 - For each of the following atoms or ions, state the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 22PCh. 3 - Use the data in Figure 3.11 and Table 3.2 to...Ch. 3 - Use the data in Figure 3.11 and Table 3.2 to...Ch. 3 - Prob. 25PCh. 3 - In a gaseous RbF molecule, the bond length is...Ch. 3 - The bond lengths of the XH bonds in NH3,PH3 , and...Ch. 3 - Arrange the following covalent diatomic molecules...Ch. 3 - The bond length in HI(1.62) is close to the sum of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 30PCh. 3 - Use electronegativity values to arrange the...Ch. 3 - Use electronegativity values to rank the bonds in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 33PCh. 3 - Prob. 34PCh. 3 - Prob. 35PCh. 3 - Estimate the percent ionic character of the bond...Ch. 3 - The percent ionic character of a bond can be...Ch. 3 - The percent ionic character of the bonds in...Ch. 3 - Assign formal charges to all atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Assign formal charges to all atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Determine the formal charges on all the atoms in...Ch. 3 - the formal charges on all the atoms in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 43PCh. 3 - In each of the following Lewis diagrams, Z...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - Prob. 47PCh. 3 - Acetic acid is the active ingredient of vinegar....Ch. 3 - Under certain conditions, the stable form of...Ch. 3 - White phosphorus (P4) consists of four phosphorus...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis electron dot diagrams for the following...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the two resonance forms of...Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the three resonance forms...Ch. 3 - Methyl isocyanate, which was involved in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 56PCh. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the following compounds....Ch. 3 - Draw Lewis diagrams for the following ions. In the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 59PCh. 3 - Prob. 60PCh. 3 - For each of the following molecules or molecular...Ch. 3 - For each of the following molecules or molecular...Ch. 3 - Give an example of a molecule or ion having a...Ch. 3 - Give an example of a molecule or ion having a...Ch. 3 - For each of the answers in Problem 59, state...Ch. 3 - For each of the answers in Problem 60, state...Ch. 3 - Prob. 67PCh. 3 - Mixing SbCl3 and GaCl3 in a 1:1 molar ratio (using...Ch. 3 - (a) Use the VSEPR theory to predict the structure...Ch. 3 - Ozone (O3) has a nonzero dipole moment. In the...Ch. 3 - Assign oxidation numbers to the atoms in each of...Ch. 3 - Prob. 72PCh. 3 - Prob. 73PCh. 3 - Prob. 74PCh. 3 - Prob. 75PCh. 3 - Prob. 76PCh. 3 - Prob. 77PCh. 3 - Prob. 78PCh. 3 - Prob. 79PCh. 3 - Prob. 80PCh. 3 - Prob. 81PCh. 3 - Prob. 82PCh. 3 - Prob. 83PCh. 3 - Prob. 84PCh. 3 - Prob. 85APCh. 3 - Prob. 86APCh. 3 - At large interatomic separations, an alkali halide...Ch. 3 - Prob. 88APCh. 3 - Prob. 89APCh. 3 - Two possible Lewis diagrams for sulfine (H2CSO)...Ch. 3 - There is persuasive evidence for the brief...Ch. 3 - The compound SF3N has been synthesized. (a) Draw...Ch. 3 - Prob. 93APCh. 3 - The molecular ion S3N3 has the cyclic structure...Ch. 3 - Prob. 95APCh. 3 - Prob. 96APCh. 3 - Prob. 97APCh. 3 - Prob. 98APCh. 3 - A stable triatomic molecule can be formed that...Ch. 3 - The gaseous potassium chloride molecule has a...Ch. 3 - (a) Predict the geometry of the SbCl52 ion, using...Ch. 3 - Prob. 102APCh. 3 - Predict the arrangement of the atoms about the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 104APCh. 3 - Prob. 105APCh. 3 - Prob. 106APCh. 3 - Prob. 107APCh. 3 - Prob. 108APCh. 3 - (a) Determine the oxidation number of lead in each...Ch. 3 - Prob. 110APCh. 3 - Prob. 111CPCh. 3 - Prob. 112CPCh. 3 - A compound is being tested for use as a rocket...Ch. 3 - Prob. 114CP
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- 3. Use bond dissociation enthalpies to estimate the enthalpy change for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. 2 H2O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) +352 kJ/mol-rxn −206 kJ/mol-rxn +1037 kJ/mol-rxn −2204 kJ/mol-rxnarrow_forwardIn the reaction 2A (g) + B(g)==>2C(g) + D(g), 3.00 mol A was mixed with 2 mol of B and 0.5 mol of D. The system was allowed to come to equilibrium. At equilibrium, 1.2 mol of C was present at a total pressure of 1 bar. Calculate the mole fractions of each species at equilibrium, K, and ΔGr at 298 K.arrow_forwardIf the equilibrium constant of a reaction is Keq = 9.3 × 103 at 900 °C, what is the change in Gibbs free energy for this reaction (in kJ mol–1) at the indicated temperature? R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1arrow_forward
- Gibbs free energy (G) is a measure of the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. It is the chemical potential for a reaction, and is minimized at equilibrium. It is defined as G=H-TS where H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy. The chemical reaction that causes iron to corrode in air is given by 4Fe+302-2Fe2O3 TXn in which at 298 K, AH ASixn - 543.7 J/K. H = - 1684 kJ and Part A What is the standard Gibbs free energy for this reaction? Assume the commonly used standard reference temperature of 298 K. Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units. ► View Available Hint(s) AGrxn Submit μÅ Value t Ć Units ?arrow_forwardAt 25 °C, the equilibrium partial pressures for the reaction 3 A(g) + 2 B(g) = C(g) + 2 D(g) were found to be PA = 4.25 atm, Pg = 5.05 atm, Pc = 4.13 atm, and Pp 4.94 atm. %3D What is the standard change in Gibbs free energy of this reaction at 25 °C? kJ molarrow_forwardCalculate the standard Gibbs free energy in kJ mol–1.arrow_forward
- (b) Consider the dissociation of molecular chlorine, with an equilibrium constant K = 0.44, at a certain temperature and a pressure of 1.00 bar, described by the following chemical equilibrium reaction: Cl2(g) = 2 Cl(g), Calculate the following: (i) The dissociation temperature (in Kelvins) of molecular chlorine, given that the standard Gibbs free energy change of the reaction is AG = 19 kJ mol-1. (ii) The degree of dissociation (a) of molecular chlorine (iii) If the equilibrium constant at a higher temperature of 3455 K is K = 3.00, calculate AH, assuming A.He to be constant up to this temperature range. (iv) Calculate A-GⓇ and A.SⓇ at a temperature of 3455 K. (v) Describe the position of equilibrium based on question (iv) above on the value of AGº.arrow_forward3. Calculate the reaction enthalpy of this reaclion Under Stondard conditions. 2C, Hu (G) + 70, lg) ->4C0, 4) + (6 H,O ) 70, (g) –> 4CO,(G) +(6 HqO() kJarrow_forwardFf.191.arrow_forward
- The table below contains some mean bond energy data: Bond C-C 348 H-H N=N Mean bond energy /kJ mol| 436 944 (i) Balance the equation below for the formation of one mole of ammonia, NH3, from its elements. N2 + H2 NH3 AH = -38 kJmol" (ii)Use the data in the table above to calculate the bond energy of N - H bond in NH3 in the reaction given in (1) above. Comment on why the value obtained is referred to as 'mean bond enthalpy (ii) Use the equation below and data from the table to calculate a value for the C=C bond energy in ethene. Bond H-H C-H C-C 348 Mean bond energy /kJ mol 436 418 нн нн С—С + Н Нэнс- с н AH = -136 kJ mol нн н Ethene Ethanearrow_forwardUse the molar constant volume heat capacities for gases given in Topic 4C (as multiples for R) to estimate the change in reaction enthalpy of N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ---> 2 NH3 (g) when the temperture is increased from 300. K to 500. K. Ignore the vibrational contributions to heat capacity. Is the reaction more or less exothermic at the higher temperature? Atoms Linear Molecules Nonlinear Molecules Cv,m 3/2 R 5/2 R 3 R Cp,m 5/2 R 7/2 R 4 Rarrow_forwardWhen sodium metal dissolves in compressed liquid ammonia, a highly conductive blue solution is formed. This effect occurs because of solvated electrons that are effectively confined within a packet of solvent molecules. In this question, we will estimate the properties of this system. a. First, derive a general expression for the energy gab using this model. In other words, calculate the difference in energy Δ E between state n+1 and state n using the constants m, L, and h. b. Assuming the transition occurs from the lowest energy state to the second state (n=1 --> n=2), estimate the length of the solvent pocket where the electron is confined. Report your answer in angstroms. Use your expression from part c. c. Higher level calculations have suggested the size of the box is approximately 11 angstroms. Based on this information and your answer to part d, comment on whether the particle in a box model provides a reasonable first approximation. d. How does the energy gap between states…arrow_forward
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