Haworth and conformational formulae of the β -cyclic hemiacetal of D-mannose are to be completed. The nature of the hemiacetal on the basis of the given reactions and observations is to be determined. Concept introduction: The Haworth representation of the chemical formulae of biomolecules demonstrates the cyclic form of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective. It represents the chirality center of the open-chain form through the cyclic forms. Carbon is an implicit type of atom. Carbons are numbered from 1 to number 6, where the first carbon is called the anomeric carbon. Identification of carbohydrates is carried out by the anomeric carbons. If the hydroxyl group is attached to the anomeric carbon, the carbohydrate is reducible, which positively tested for Benedict and Tollens’s test. The optical activity of a carbohydrate is dependent on its ability to turn the plane of polarized light incident on the sample. When monosaccharides react with dilute nitric acid, the aldehydes and alcohols are oxidized into carboxylic acids, producing dicarboxylic acids known as aldonic acids. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to primary and secondary alcohols, respectively, with the help of sodium borohydride.

Question

Complete the following acid-base reactions and predict the direction of equilibrium for each. Justify your prediction by citing pK values for the acid and conjugate acid in each equilibrium. (a) (b) NHs (c) O₂N NH NH OH H₁PO₁

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 6Q

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Haworth and conformational formulae of the β -cyclic hemiacetal of D-mannose are to be completed. The nature of the hemiacetal on the basis of the given reactions and observations is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The Haworth representation of the chemical formulae of biomolecules demonstrates the cyclic form of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective. It represents the chirality center of the open-chain form through the cyclic forms. Carbon is an implicit type of atom. Carbons are numbered from 1 to number 6, where the first carbon is called the anomeric carbon.

Identification of carbohydrates is carried out by the anomeric carbons. If the hydroxyl group is attached to the anomeric carbon, the carbohydrate is reducible, which positively tested for Benedict and Tollens’s test.

The optical activity of a carbohydrate is dependent on its ability to turn the plane of polarized light incident on the sample.

When monosaccharides react with dilute nitric acid, the aldehydes and alcohols are oxidized into carboxylic acids, producing dicarboxylic acids known as aldonic acids.

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to primary and secondary alcohols, respectively, with the help of sodium borohydride.

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Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 6Q

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Haworth and conformational formulae of the β -cyclic hemiacetal of D-mannose are to be completed. The nature of the hemiacetal on the basis of the given reactions and observations is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The Haworth representation of the chemical formulae of biomolecules demonstrates the cyclic form of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective. It represents the chirality center of the open-chain form through the cyclic forms. Carbon is an implicit type of atom. Carbons are numbered from 1 to number 6, where the first carbon is called the anomeric carbon.

Identification of carbohydrates is carried out by the anomeric carbons. If the hydroxyl group is attached to the anomeric carbon, the carbohydrate is reducible, which positively tested for Benedict and Tollens’s test.

The optical activity of a carbohydrate is dependent on its ability to turn the plane of polarized light incident on the sample.

When monosaccharides react with dilute nitric acid, the aldehydes and alcohols are oxidized into carboxylic acids, producing dicarboxylic acids known as aldonic acids.

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to primary and secondary alcohols, respectively, with the help of sodium borohydride.

Expert Solution & Answer

Trending nowThis is a popular solution!

See solution

Check out sample textbook solution

Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 6Q

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Haworth and conformational formulae of the β -cyclic hemiacetal of D-mannose are to be completed. The nature of the hemiacetal on the basis of the given reactions and observations is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The Haworth representation of the chemical formulae of biomolecules demonstrates the cyclic form of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective. It represents the chirality center of the open-chain form through the cyclic forms. Carbon is an implicit type of atom. Carbons are numbered from 1 to number 6, where the first carbon is called the anomeric carbon.

Identification of carbohydrates is carried out by the anomeric carbons. If the hydroxyl group is attached to the anomeric carbon, the carbohydrate is reducible, which positively tested for Benedict and Tollens’s test.

The optical activity of a carbohydrate is dependent on its ability to turn the plane of polarized light incident on the sample.

When monosaccharides react with dilute nitric acid, the aldehydes and alcohols are oxidized into carboxylic acids, producing dicarboxylic acids known as aldonic acids.

Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to primary and secondary alcohols, respectively, with the help of sodium borohydride.

Expert Solution & Answer

Trending nowThis is a popular solution!

See solution

Check out sample textbook solution

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 22, Problem 6Q

Interpretation Introduction