Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The structure of melibiose based on the given information is to be identified.
Concept introduction:
舧 Chair conformations: It is the most stable conformation, which accurately shows the spatial arrangement of atoms.
舧 Equatorial bonds are parallel to the average plane of the ring, while axial bonds are perpendicular to the average plane of the ring.
舧 The conformation having bonds at the equatorial positions are more stable than those with bonds at the axial position.
舧 On flipping the cyclohexane ring, axial bonds become equatorial bonds and equatorial bonds becomes axial bond.
舧 Bulkier group acquires equatorial positions to form stable conformer due to steric factors.
舧 The most stable configuration of aldopyranoses is when the −CH2OH group exists in equatorial conformation.
舧 Stereochemistry: The equatorial orientation refers to the spatial arrangement of −CH2OH group at C-2 in the same plane, and the axial orientation refers to the spatial arrangement of −CH2OH group at C-2 along the axis.
舧 The anomeric effect is lowest for sugars with equatorial orientation, which results in lower energetic state, and consequently this type of orientation confers higher stability.
舧 The anomeric effect is highest for sugars with axial orientation, which results in higher energetic state, and consequently this type of orientation confers lower stability.
舧 A carbohydrate is a
舧 HNO3 is an oxidizing agent.
舧 Carbohydrates are oxidized by HNO3 to give aldaric acid as a product.
舧 Aldaric acids are carbohydrates having two carboxylic acids. They are formed due to oxidation reaction of aldoses with dilute HNO3 and their general reaction can be represented as:
舧 Monosaccharides containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group are called aldohexoses.
舧 Alditols are compounds produced from aldoses or ketoses on reduction with certain reagents such as sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrogen along with a catalyst.
舧
舧 Compounds formed by the reaction of reducing sugars with excess of phenyl hydrazine are called osazones. Osazones are products of oxidation and are produced by all reducing sugars.
舧
舧 Fischer projection is a way of representing the structural formulae of compounds through cross formulation of their open chain structures.
舧 Bromine water is an effective reagent that selectively oxidizes the −CHO group to −COOH moiety, and thereby, converts an aldose into aldonic acid.
舧 Melibiose is a disaccharide carbohydrate with the molecular formula C12H22O11 that comprises monosaccharides (one unit each) glucose and galactose. It has a reducing nature and undergoes hydrolysis to yield D−galactose and D−glucose through the glycosidic linkage at the α−position.
舧 The aldehyde group of an aldose reacts with three moles of phenylhydrazine to produce phenylosazone at C−2 position. Osazones are products of oxidation.
舧 In aqueous solution, the two anomers and the straight-chain structure of a monosaccharide form an equilibrium mixture between them through the process of mutarotation.
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