
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: The solubility of minoxidil in acidic and basic aqueous solution should be determined.
Concept Introduction: The Lewis structure of an organic compound represents the bonding of atoms with lone pairs (if any). It indicates the bonds with atoms and also arrangement of atoms in molecule.
Hybridization of any atom indicates the molecular geometry of molecule. The formula to check the hybridization can be written as:
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
(a)

Answer to Problem 40E
Minoxidil must be soluble in acidic aqueous solution.
Explanation of Solution
Minoxidil contains two −NH2 groups. The
As in acidic solution, it will form salt and therefore will be soluble.
(b)
Interpretation: The hybridization of five nitrogen atoms in minoxidil should be determined.
Concept Introduction: The Lewis structure of an organic compound represents the bonding of atoms with lone pairs (if any). It indicates the bonds with atoms and also arrangement of atoms in molecule.
Hybridization of any atom indicates the molecular geometry of molecule. The formula to check the hybridization can be written as:
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
(b)

Answer to Problem 40E
Explanation of Solution
Minoxidil contains two −NH2 groups. There are three N atoms in the ring. Thus the hybridization of N atoms are:
(c)
Interpretation: The hybridization of each carbon atoms in minoxidil should be determined.
Concept Introduction: The Lewis structure of an organic compound represents the bonding of atoms with lone pairs (if any). It indicates the bonds with atoms and also arrangement of atoms in molecule.
Hybridization of any atom indicates the molecular geometry of molecule. The formula to check the hybridization can be written as:
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
(c)

Answer to Problem 40E
Explanation of Solution
Minoxidil contains two types of C atoms. The double bonded carbon atoms are part of one ring whereas another ring contains only single bonded C atom.
(d)
Interpretation: The bond angles marked as a, b, c, d, e and f in the given molecule of minoxidil should be determined.
Concept Introduction: The Lewis structure of an organic compound represents the bonding of atoms with lone pairs (if any). It indicates the bonds with atoms and also arrangement of atoms in molecule.
Hybridization of any atom indicates the molecular geometry of molecule. The formula to check the hybridization can be written as:
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
(d)

Answer to Problem 40E
- 109°
- 109°
- 120°
- 120°
- 109°
- 120°
Explanation of Solution
The hybridization of bonded atoms determines the bond angle.
A sp3 hybrid C atom has 109° bond angle with tetrahedral geometry whereas a sp2 hybrid C atom has 120 ° bond angle with trigonal planer geometry. Similarly the single bonded N atom has 109° bond angle whereas a double bonded N atom has 120° bond angle. Thus, the marked bond angles must be:
- 109°
- 109°
- 120°
- 120°
- 109°
- 120°
Interpretation: Interpret the number of sigma bonds in the given molecule including hydrogen atoms.
Concept Introduction: The Lewis structure of an organic compound represents the bonding of atoms with lone pairs (if any). It indicates the bonds with atoms and also arrangement of atoms in molecule.
Hybridization of any atom indicates the molecular geometry of molecule. The formula to check the hybridization can be written as:
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair

Answer to Problem 40E
There are total 30 sigma bonds in the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
A single covalent bond is formed by one sigma bond whereas one double bond is composed of one sigma bond and one pi bond.
Each C atom must be bonded with four other atoms. Therefore in the bond line formula, each C atom must be bonded with other C or N atom and the tetravalency will be completed with H atoms.
Thus there are total 30 sigma bonds in the given molecule.
(f)
Interpretation: Interpret the number of p-bonds in the given molecule.
Concept Introduction: The Lewis structure of an organic compound represents the bonding of atoms with lone pairs (if any). It indicates the bonds with atoms and also arrangement of atoms in molecule.
Hybridization of any atom indicates the molecular geometry of molecule. The formula to check the hybridization can be written as:
Hybridization = Number of sigma bonds + Number of lone pair
(f)

Answer to Problem 40E
There are total 3 p-bonds in the molecule.
Explanation of Solution
A single covalent bond is formed by one sigma bond whereas one double bond is composed of one sigma bond and one pi bond.
Each C atom must be bonded with four other atoms. Therefore, in the bond line formula, each C atom must be bonded with other C or N atom and the tetravalency will be completed with H atoms.
Thus, there are total 3 p-bonds in the given molecule.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
EBK CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
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