
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The balanced reaction for the formation of the sol by hydrolysis of a stoichiometric mixture of aluminum ethoxide and tetraethoxysilane has to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
Balanced reaction is a
Steps in balancing the information
- Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation
- Step 2: Find the coefficient to balance the equation.
The coefficient should be reduced to the smallest whole number.
Sol-gel process:
- Sol-gel method: Metal alkoxide, (obtained from metal and alcohol) undergoes hydrolysis and yields metal hydroxide. These metal hydroxides are known as sol and they are fine particle. Further, metal hydroxides combined together to form oxygen bridges by eliminating water. Sol linked together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges in which is sol is converted to a material known as gel. By heating water and solvents are removed to get metal oxide
- Particles of the sol link together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges and the sol is converted to a more rigid gelatin like material called gel.
(b)
Interpretation:
The reaction that converts the sol to gel has to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Sol-gel process:
- Sol-gel method: Metal alkoxide, (obtained from metal and alcohol) undergoes hydrolysis and yields metal hydroxide. These metal hydroxides are known as sol and they are fine particle. Further, metal hydroxides combined together to form oxygen bridges by eliminating water. Sol linked together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges in which is sol is converted to a material known as gel. By heating water and solvents are removed to get metal oxide.
- Particles of the sol link together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges and the sol is converted to a more rigid gelatin like material called gel.
(c)
Interpretation:
The additional step requires that converts the gel to the ceramic has to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Sol-gel process:
- Sol-gel method: Metal alkoxide, (obtained from metal and alcohol) undergoes hydrolysis and yields metal hydroxide. These metal hydroxides are known as sol and they are fine particle. Further, metal hydroxides combined together to form oxygen bridges by eliminating water. Sol linked together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges in which is sol is converted to a material known as gel. By heating water and solvents are removed to get metal oxide.
- Particles of the sol link together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges and the sol is converted to a more rigid gelatin like material called gel.

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Chapter 21 Solutions
General Chemistry: Atoms First
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