The synthesis of m − toluidine from toluene and the synthesis of m − chlorotoludine , m − bromotoludine , m − iodotoludine , m − tolunitrile , and m − toluic acid are to be shown. Concept introduction: 舧 Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair. 舧 Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair. 舧 Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. 舧 Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. 舧 Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. 舧 The reaction in which hydrogen is added to the compound in the presence of catalyst is known as hydrogenation. 舧 The number of moles of hydrogen absorbed will be equal to the number of double bonds. 舧 The reaction in which a halide group is removed to form an alkene is called dehydrohalogenation. 舧 This reaction in which CO 2 is removed from alkene molecules is called decarboxylation reaction. 舧 Acetylation refers to the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound. A reaction involving te replacement of the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl or amine group with an acetyl group. Acetic anhydride is commonly used as an acetylating agent. 舧 Piperidine is a heterocyclic amine containing six membered rings, which contains five methyl groups and one nitrogen atom. 舧 Nitrous acid ( HNO 2 ) is produced by the reaction of strong hydrochloric acid (HCl) and aqueous sodium nitrite ( NaNO 2 ) at a low temperature. 舧 Nitrous acid is used to make diazonium salts from amines. 舧 The reaction of primary aryl amine with nitrous acid gives arenediazonium salt. 舧 The nitro compounds formed by direct nitration reaction undergo reduction to give primary aryl amine. 舧 The diazonium group is easily replaced by another group. 舧 In Sandmeyer reaction, arenediazonium salt reacts with cuprous bromide, cuprous cyanide, and cuprous chloride, and the replacement of diazonium group by – Br >, – CN >, – Cl takes place. 舧 The replacement of diazonium group by – I takes place when arenediazonium salt reacts with potassium iodide. 舧 The replacement of diazonium group by – H takes place when arenediazonium salt reacts with hypophosphorus acid H 3 PO 2 >.

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Chapter 20, Problem 12PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis of m−toluidine from toluene and the synthesis of m−chlorotoludine, m−bromotoludine, m−iodotoludine, m−tolunitrile, and m−toluic acid are to be shown.

Concept introduction:

舧 Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.

舧 Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.

舧 Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

舧 Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

舧 Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

舧 The reaction in which hydrogen is added to the compound in the presence of catalyst is known as hydrogenation.

舧 The number of moles of hydrogen absorbed will be equal to the number of double bonds.

舧 The reaction in which a halide group is removed to form an alkene is called dehydrohalogenation.

舧 This reaction in which CO2 is removed from alkene molecules is called decarboxylation reaction.

舧 Acetylation refers to the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound. A reaction involving te replacement of the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl or amine group with an acetyl group. Acetic anhydride is commonly used as an acetylating agent.

舧 Piperidine is a heterocyclic amine containing six membered rings, which contains five methyl groups and one nitrogen atom.

舧 Nitrous acid (HNO2) is produced by the reaction of strong hydrochloric acid (HCl) and aqueous sodium nitrite (NaNO2) at a low temperature.

舧 Nitrous acid is used to make diazonium salts from amines.

舧 The reaction of primary aryl amine with nitrous acid gives arenediazonium salt.

舧 The nitro compounds formed by direct nitration reaction undergo reduction to give primary aryl amine.

舧 The diazonium group is easily replaced by another group.

舧 In Sandmeyer reaction, arenediazonium salt reacts with cuprous bromide, cuprous cyanide, and cuprous chloride, and the replacement of diazonium group by –Br >, –CN >, –Cl takes place.

舧 The replacement of diazonium group by –I takes place when arenediazonium salt reacts with potassium iodide.

舧 The replacement of diazonium group by –H takes place when arenediazonium salt reacts with hypophosphorus acid H3PO2 >.

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