Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 17, Problem 3RQ
Review the material on the possibility of sympatric
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Explain the type of speciation (allopatric, parapatric, or sympatric) most likely to occur under each of the following conditions:
A. A pregnant female rat is transported by an ocean liner to a new continent.
B. A meadow containing several species of grasses is exposed to a pesticide that promotes nondisjunction.
C. In a very large lake containing several species of fish, the water level gradually falls over the course of several years. Eventually, the large lake becomes subdivided into smaller lakes, some of which are connected by narrow streams.
Anisogamy is the term for sexual dimorphism in gamete size.
a) Discuss the evolution of anisogamy from an ancestor in which gametes had equal size. What factors would lead to a divergence in gamete size among members of a population?
b) Sexual selection can be strong in some species, and weaker in others. What determines the strength of sexual selection for a certain species? Discuss the differences in sex roles and Bateman’s Principle in your answer.
Two hundred years ago, the fly species Rhagoletis pomonella only laid its eggs on fruit of the hawthorn tree. Today, different "host races" of R. pomonella lay their eggs on hawthorns OR apples. Apples occur within the range of hawthorns, so divergence between apple flies and hawthorn flies could be the first step in sympatric speciation. Choose the evidence that would suggest that R. pomonella is currently undergoing sympatric speciation. Check ALL answers that apply.
A.
Apple flies and hawthorn flies are able to form fertile hybrids.
B.
Apple flies and hawthorn flies are physically indistinguishable from each other.
C.
Apple flies typically mate with apple flies, and hawthorn flies typically mate with hawthorn flies.
D.
Apple flies and hawthorn flies emerge from their hosts at different times of the year.
Chapter 17 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 17.1 - The tiny frog paedophryne amauensis was discovered...Ch. 17.1 - describe how biologists define species and explain...Ch. 17.1 - One way to determine the number of species on...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 1TCCh. 17.1 - describe the biological species concept and...Ch. 17.1 - list some reasons why it can be hard to tell...Ch. 17.2 - describe the main types of premating and...Ch. 17.2 - provide examples of each type of mechanism?Ch. 17.3 - It is not surprising that the forests of New...Ch. 17.3 - describe the two general steps that are required...
Ch. 17.3 - Make a list of events or processes that could...Ch. 17.3 - One possible explanation for the distinctive...Ch. 17.3 - explain the difference between allopatric and...Ch. 17.3 - How might conservation scientists use the map...Ch. 17.3 - explain adaptive radiation and describe the...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 3TCCh. 17.3 - interpret an evolutionary tree diagram?Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 4TCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 1CTCh. 17.4 - describe the main causes of extinction?Ch. 17.4 - If specialization puts a species at risk for...Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 17.4 - Given that genetic isolation is the first step in...Ch. 17 - It is difficult to perform experiments that test...Ch. 17 - A species is a group of ________ that evolves...Ch. 17 - The biological species concept is difficult or...Ch. 17 - Define the following terms: species, speciation,...Ch. 17 - Fill in the following with the appropriate...Ch. 17 - Which of the following does not describe a...Ch. 17 - Many of the oak tree species in central and...Ch. 17 - Formation of a new species occurs when two...Ch. 17 - All instances of speciation require a. genetic...Ch. 17 - Review the material on the possibility of...Ch. 17 - The process by which many new species arise in a...Ch. 17 - Analysis of Rhagoletis fly populations in North...Ch. 17 - A drug called colchicine prevents cell division...Ch. 17 - A species may be at higher risk of extinction if...Ch. 17 - In the initial phase of allopatric speciation,...Ch. 17 - What are the two major types of reproductive...
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- Indicate the order in which the following steps would take place to result in Parapatric Speciation [enter 1 for the first step, 2 for the second, etc; write only the number -- no words, no spaces] Something happens so that the environment is different in one part of the range relative to the other, even though the populations are still contiguous. As they adapt to their specific environments, the fitness of any hybrid formed is reduced. The populations adapt to their environment in the part of the range where they live. Interbreeding populations connected via gene flow occur across a range. Reproductive isolating mechanisms are selected for so that less fit hybrids are not formed. Two species now exist.arrow_forwardMatch the following examples with the species concept that would 'categorize' them. as distinct species. SOME TERMS MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE. There may be some gray area here. Use your judgment and choose the best answer--all relevant information is provided. く Two moths that sometimes interbreed but always have hybrids that are sterile. A predator stonefly and a shredder (leaf-eating) stonefly. 1. Biological 2. Morphological 4. Biological, morphological, and ecological A black lab and a brown lab. 3. Ecological A hawk and a dove. Two orchids with incompatible gametes. 80 Q DII F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F1 F2 F3 @ S % Λ & K 8 F9 F10 F11 GE - ธิ F12 Xarrow_forwardThe biological species concept depends on the existence of barriers to reproduction. What are they? Does this species concept apply in all situations? Think of an example from nature where the biological species concept would NOT be that applicable. Which species concept would be better in this example? How does speciation occur? What environmental factors might contribute to speciation? Can an individual speciate? Use terminology for the two kinds of speciation we have learned about. What is “gene flow”? What does it mean if there is NO gene flow? Two groups of individuals are separated by either side of a canyon. One researcher found that they do not cross the canyon at any point. The group on the north side have fluffy tails and thicker coats, and they do not eat moss. The south side individuals eat moss almost exclusively, have a thin coat and tail, but otherwise are generally identical. When in the lab they mated successfully, and the offspring of that mating also mated…arrow_forward
- The Forbes sea star and common sea star are broadcast spawners that are known to hybridize, yet they exist as separate, genetically distinct species (unique branches on the tree of life). One mechanism that may contribute to their uniqueness is prezygotic reproductive isolation, which is the incompatibility of gametes (sperm and eggs) from separate species. We know they hybridize, so the eggs and sperm are compatible, but could gametes from the different species be less compatible than the gametes from each individual species? Harper & Hart (2005) addressed this question in a series of cross-fertilization experiments. Did they find evidence that gametes ‘preferred’ to cross with gametes of the same species? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardHow do mechanisms of speciation, such as genetic isolation, reproductive barriers, and ecological factors, apply to the human-chimp-gorilla trichotomy? Discuss the role of these mechanisms in driving speciation and shaping the evolutionary relationships among humans, chimps, and gorillas, based on genetic evidence such as comparative genomics and molecular phylogenetics.arrow_forwardScientists studying reproduction compared three closely related species of bagworm moths. The reproductive methods for these species are given in the table. Which of the following research questions would provide additional information about the population level impacts of meiosis and sexual reproduction? A - How do the number of D. charlottae offspring compare with the number of S. rupicolella offspring? B - Do D. charlottae and S. rupicolella populations express greater genetic diversity than D. fennicella populations? C - Are the offspring of D. fennicella genetically unique compared to the offspring of D. charlottae and S. rupicolella? D - Does crossing-over in D. fennicella result in increased genetic variation compared to D. charlottae and S. rupicolella?arrow_forward
- Can speciation occur without complete physical separation of populations?arrow_forwardCompare the forms of speciation that are slow to those that occur more rapidly. Make a list of the slow and fast forms. With regard to mechanisms of genetic change, what features do slow and rapid speciation have in common? What features are different?arrow_forwardIndicate the order in which the following steps would take place to result in Allopatric Speciation [enter 1 for the first step, 2 for the second, etc; write only the number -- no words, no spaces] The two groups develop reproductive isolating mechanisms so that they no longer interbreed. Interbreeding populations connected via gene flow occur across a range. The two separate groups adapt to their new environments. Some sort of physical barrier develops to split the once contiguous population(s) into two separate groups If they come back together, any hybrids formed are less fit.arrow_forward
- Define two modes of speciation and give examples of each.arrow_forwardExplain into details the concept of speciation .arrow_forwardTwo morphological variants in a population of medium ground finch on the Galapagos Islands have been found to exist. Individuals of each variant respond more strongly to songs produced by the same variant, and prefer to mate with individuals of their own morphological variant. What type of speciation could be in progress, and what measurements could inform the extent of prezygotic reproductive barriers that have developed? A. Sympatric speciation by sexual selection; survival and reproductive success of hybrids of the two morphological variants. B. Allopatric speciation by habitat differentiation; survival and reproductive success of hybrids of the two morphological variants. C. Sympatric speciation by sexual selection; frequencies of mating and numbers of viable offspring of the two morphological variants. D. Allopatric speciation by habitat differentiation; frequencies of mating and numbers of viable offspring of the two morphological variants.arrow_forward
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