Concept explainers
The tiny frog paedophryne amauensis was discovered by researchers purposefully searching for the source of an unusual sound, but sometimes similarity between two species can lead scientists to accidental discoveries. A previously unknown species of wild cat was inadvertently discovered by researchers who were sequencing the DNA of a house cat-sized South American wild cat called the tigrina. The DNA analysis revealed that many alleles found in the supposed tigrinas living in northeastern Brazil are not shared with other tigrinas. This finding suggested that the northeastern cats do not interbreed with other tigrinas and are therefore a different species. What prevents the two species from interbreeding?
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Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
- a) Describe of why someone would choose to write about wolves vs. dogs. Make an argument for why this topic is interesting. b) Write a short description of why someone would choose this paper below of comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves. How does this paper relate to wolves vs. dogs? c) How can you tell that this is a primary research paper and not a review?arrow_forwardSince nucleotide sequences are more variable than amino acid sequences, you’ll use GAPDH nucleotide sequences to compare across the six taxa you’re analyzing. Suppose that you used BLAST to align all possible pairs of GAPDH sequences among lancelet, lamprey, bass, frog, turtle, and leopard. You would be able to construct the following table showing the percent similarity values across all six taxa. Leopard Turtle Frog Bass Lamprey Lancelet Leopard 100% 83% 80% 81% 76% 74% Turtle – 100% 79% 79% 74% 72% Frog – – 100% 79% 74% 71% Bass – – – 100% 77% 74% Lamprey – – – – 100% 73% Lancelet – – – – – 100% Now you can use this data (similarly to how you used the data in the character table) to build a phylogenetic tree. The distance between species in a tree is directly related to the amount of similarity between their gene sequences. For instance, two species will be closer together if the amount of similarity is high, or far apart if the amount of similarity is low. Which…arrow_forwardLion populations are found all over sub- Saharan africa. How do the sequences above reinforce or contradict the idea that populations of lions who are genetically similar live in the same geographic area?arrow_forward
- Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA (S. A. Frank and L. D. Hurst. 1996. Nature 383:224). Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.arrow_forwardIn the year 2374, humans finally developed the technology necessary for time travel. You are a scientist interested in the population genetics of extinct animals. Taking advantage of this technology advance, you decide to travel back 8 million years to conduct field work in Venezuela. You are studying a population of Phoberomys pattersoni, the world’s largest extinct rodent weighing approximately 700 kg (1500 lbs) and looking vaguely like a giant guinea pig. The coat color of this rodent varies between tan (dominant) and brown (recessive). Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. You observed 336 tan Phoberomys and 64 brown Phoberomys during your study. What is the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype? ________________ What is the allelic frequency of the dominant (tan) allele in the population? ___________ Of the animals you observed, how many were heterozygous? _______________ As you observe the animals you count 200 brown and 450 tan. Conduct a…arrow_forwardWhat is the answer to this problem? I said the answer was "Homo sapiens populations interbred with the Denisovans before leaving Africa." and this was marked wrong.arrow_forward
- You are studying two populations of pika. You find that the population inhabit in talus (broken rocks) are greyish. Another population live in coniferous forests have black fur. When individuals from each population are brought together in the lab, they produce offspring whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. The offspring can breed and reproduce successfully with each other or pika of either parent population. You sequence three genes, Pigmentosa, Sparkly, and Zippy. For each of the three genes, the two populations differ from each other at a few nucleotides (<1%). Why is it hard to determine if these two pika populations belong to the same species or are two different species? In your answer/argument, refer to at least two pieces of evidence from the above scenario. Note, we are NOT asking you to determine if these are the same species or not.arrow_forwardBlue eye color allele (b) is recessive to the dominant to the black eye color allele (B). When we sequence around the locus of the blue gene from 10 pure breed species and 10 black pure breed species we notice difference in dna sequence. The black eye species have short tandem repeat (STR), which is a short DNA sequence that is repeated 6 times in the species with blue eyes, and 10 times in the species with black eyes. These repeats are only 4 cM apart from the orange gene locus. You design a PC test that distinguishes between the 6 and 10 STRs by electrophoresis. Make pedigree that will let us to identify which alleles of the blue gene was the dominant and or recessive?arrow_forwardYou have four sequences from A-D representing four species: A: AAATTGATTAC B: TAATTGGTTAC C: AAATTGGTTGA D: AAATTGATTGA A is your outgroup. Take a piece of paper and illustrate the three possible trees that are different from each other. 1) Answer the question of why there are only three trees. Aren't there more trees possible? 2) Mark the changes in nucleotides that happen among the four species on the trees or write them down separately. Then calculate the shortest possible tree. This is the most parsimonious option. Which one is it? 3) Why does this tree not necessarily depict the true relationship among the four species? Illustrate and answer all questions on paper. Then take a picture of the paper with your cell phone. Make sure everything is in focus, i.e., go over the picture and take it again, if necessary. All your answers and the trees need to be clearly visible.arrow_forward
- The plots above show the distribution of SNP alleles similar to Neanderthal genomes, in two ancient human genomes, A (left) and B (right). They were isolated from bone fragments, between 42,000 and 45,000 years old, found in Romania and Bulgaria. The mitochondrial DNA from both individuals was also sequenced, and was wholly similar to that of modern humans, not Neanderthals. Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with these data? Question 2 options: A) The maternal grandmother of individual A was Neanderthal. B) Individual A had more recent Neanderthal ancestors than individual B. C) Some modern humans and Neanderthals interbred, about 45,000 years ago. D) The common ancestors of Neanderthals and all modern humans lived over 800,000 years ago.arrow_forwardWhat specific reproductive isolation mechanism is being described by each following statementsarrow_forwardIn the United States, the rare red wolf (Canis lupus) has been known to hybridize with coyotes (Canis latrans), which are much more numerous. Although red wolves and coyotes differ in terms of morphology, DNA, and behavior, genetic evidence suggests that living red wolf individuals are actually hybrids. Red wolves are designated as an endangered species and hence receive legal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Some people think that their endangered status should be withdrawn because the remaining red wolves are hybrids, not members of a "pure" species. Do you agree? Why or why not?arrow_forward
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