Chemical Principles
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305581982
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 16, Problem 109E
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The changes happening to the water in a glass container that is connected to a high vacuum pump has to be explained by using phase diagram.
Concept Introduction :
Under different conditions of pressure and temperature, Phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance.The temperature is represented on X-axis and pressure on Y-axis.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Chemical Principles
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- Some water is placed in a sealed glass container connected to a vacuum pump (a device used to pump gases from a container), and the pump is turned on. The water appears to boil and then freezes. Explain these changes using the phase diagram for water. What would happen to the ice if the vacuum pump was left on indefinitely?arrow_forwardA special vessel (see Fig. 10.45) contains ice and supercooled water (both at 10C) connected by vapor space. Describe what happens to the amounts of ice and water as time passes.arrow_forwardAn amorphous solid can sometimes be converted to a crystalline solid by a process called annealing. Annealing consists of heating the substance to a temperature just below the melting point of the crystalline form and then cooling it slowly. Explain why this process helps produce a crystalline solid.arrow_forward
- The enthalpy of vaporization of water is larger than its enthalpy of fusion. Explain why.arrow_forwardConsider the iodine monochloride molecule, ICI. Because chlorine is more electronegative than iodine, this molecule is a dipole. How would you expect iodine monochloride molecules in the gaseous state to orient themselves with respect to each other as the sample is cooled and the molecules begin to aggregate? Sketch the orientation you would expect.arrow_forwardElemental carbon has one gas phase, one liquid phase, and two different solid phases, as shown in the phase diagram: (a) On the phase diagram, label the gas and liquid regions. (b) Graphite is the most stable phase of carbon at normal conditions. On the phase diagram, label the graphite phase. (c) If graphite at normal conditions is heated to 2500 K while the pressure is increased to 1010 Pa, it is converted into diamond. Label the diamond phase. (d) Circle each triple point on the phase diagram. (e) In what phase does carbon exist at 5000 K and 108 Pa? (f) If the temperature of a sample of carbon increases from 3000 K to 5000 K at a constant pressure of 106 Pa, which phase transition occurs, if any?arrow_forward
- The phase diagram for elemental sulfur is shown in Figure 6.18. Figure 6.18 Phase diagram for elemental sulfur. a How many allotropes are shown? b What is the stable allotrope of sulfur under normal conditions of temperature and pressure? c Describe the changes to sulfur as its temperature is increased from 25C while at 1atm pressure.arrow_forwardThe phase diagram for water over a relative narrow pressure and temperature range is given in Figure 9.19. A phase diagram over a considerably wider range of temperature and pressure (kbar) is given nearby. This phase diagram illustrates the polymorphism of ice, the existence of a solid in more than one form. In this case, Roman numerals are used to designate each polymorphic form. For example, Ice I, ordinary ice, is the form that exists under ordinary pressures. The other forms exist only at higher pressures, in some cases extremely high pressure such as Ice VII and Ice VIII. Using the phase diagram, give the approximate P and T conditions at the triple point for Ice III, Ice V, and liquid water. Determine the approximate temperature and pressure for the triple point for Ices VI, VII, and VIII. What is anomalously different about the fusion curves for Ice VI and Ice VII compared to that of Ice I? What phases exist at 8 kbar and 20 °C? At a constant temperature of −10 °C, start at 3 kbar and increase the pressure to 7 kbar. Identify all the phase changes that occur sequentially as these conditions change. Explain why there is no triple point for the combination of Ice VII, Ice VIII, and liquid water.arrow_forwardIn what ways is water unique? What about the water molecule causes the unique properties of water?arrow_forward
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