
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:The molecule with highest boiling point out of
Concept Introduction:
Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:
- London dispersion force
- Hydrogen bond
- Dipole-dipole bond
- Ion-dipole bond
The order of strength of forces can be shown as:
London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force
(a)

Answer to Problem 17E
Explanation of Solution
The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.
As the intermolecular forces become stronger, the boiling point increases because more energy is required to break the forces between molecules. In the given molecules
(b)
Interpretation: The molecule with highest freezing point out of
Concept Introduction:
Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:
- London dispersion force
- Hydrogen bond
- Dipole-dipole bond
- Ion-dipole bond
The order of strength of forces can be shown as:
London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force
(b)

Answer to Problem 17E
Explanation of Solution
The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.
As the intermolecular forces become stronger, the freezing point increases because more energy is required to melt the forces between molecules.
In the given molecules
(c)
Interpretation:The molecule with lowest vapor pressure at 25°C of
Concept Introduction:
Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:
- London dispersion force
- Hydrogen bond
- Dipole-dipole bond
- Ion-dipole bond
The order of strength of forces can be shown as:
London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force
(c)

Answer to Problem 17E
Explanation of Solution
The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.
All
(d)
Interpretation:The molecule with lowest freezing point out of
Concept Introduction:
Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:
- London dispersion force
- Hydrogen bond
- Dipole-dipole bond
- Ion-dipole bond
The order of strength of forces can be shown as:
London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force
(d)

Answer to Problem 17E
Explanation of Solution
The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.
As the intermolecular forces become stronger, the freezing point increases because more energy is required to melt the forces between molecules. In the given molecules
(e)
Interpretation:The molecule with lowest boiling point out of
Concept Introduction:
Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:
- London dispersion force
- Hydrogen bond
- Dipole-dipole bond
- Ion-dipole bond
The order of strength of forces can be shown as:
London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force
(e)

Answer to Problem 17E
Explanation of Solution
The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.
As the intermolecular forces become stronger, the boiling point increases because more energy is required to break the forces between molecules.
In the given molecules, all molecules have London dispersion forces and the strength of force increases with increasing the molar mass. Therefore
(f)
Interpretation:The molecule with highest boiling point out of
Concept Introduction:
Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:
- London dispersion force
- Hydrogen bond
- Dipole-dipole bond
- Ion-dipole bond
The order of strength of forces can be shown as:
London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force
(f)

Answer to Problem 17E
Explanation of Solution
The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.
As the intermolecular forces become stronger, the boiling point increases because more energy is required to break the forces between molecules.
In the given molecules, HF can form hydrogen bonds whereas other two HBr and HCl cannot form hydrogen bond because F is most electronegative. Thus HF has highest boiling point.
(g)
Interpretation:The molecule with lowest vapor pressure at 25°C of
Concept Introduction:
Solid state has strong intermolecular force of attraction between particles whereas the gaseous particles have weakest intermolecular forces between particles. Due to intermolecular force of attraction between particles, different interconversions are possible between these three states like evaporation, condensation, sublimation, etc. These states have different intermolecular forces between substances. The intermolecular forces exist between different molecules and are mainly 4 types:
- London dispersion force
- Hydrogen bond
- Dipole-dipole bond
- Ion-dipole bond
The order of strength of forces can be shown as:
London dispersion force < dipole-dipole force < Ion-dipole force
(g)

Answer to Problem 17E
Explanation of Solution
The ion-dipole and dipole-dipole exist between dipoles and ions whereas hydrogen bonding exist between two electronegative elements whereas H atom acts as bridge. The London dispersion forces exist between two non-polar molecules and are the weakest forces.
In the given molecules,
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Chapter 16 Solutions
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