Chapter 13, Problem 13.48EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether pyruvate is associated with (1) glycolysis, (2) pyruvate oxidation, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) ethanol fermentation.

Concept introduction: Pyruvate $\left({\text{CH}}_3{\text{COCOO}}^{-}\right)$ is the conjugate base of pyruvic acid $\left({\text{CH}}_3\text{COCOOH}\right)$. Pyruvate molecule contains three carbon atoms, therefore, it is a ${\text{C}}_3$ molecule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether $\text{CoA}$ is associated with (1) glycolysis, (2) pyruvate oxidation, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) ethanol fermentation.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. The production of the fate of pyruvate varies with the nature of the organism and the cellular conditions.

Coenzymes are non-protein organic compounds that are used along with the enzymes and help to carry forward the reaction. Coenzymes cannot perform on their own alone.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether ADP is associated with (1) glycolysis, (2) pyruvate oxidation, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) ethanol fermentation.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

The production of the fate of pyruvate varies with the nature of the organism and the cellular conditions. The three common fates of pyruvate are as follows:

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate whether ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is associated with (1) glycolysis, (2) pyruvate oxidation, (3) lactate fermentation, or (4) ethanol fermentation.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway. The production of the fate of pyruvate varies with the nature of the organism and the cellular conditions. The three common fates of pyruvate are as follows:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$.