
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To indicate whether pyruvate is involved in (1) the pentose phosphate pathway, (2) the Cori cycle, (3) glycolysis, or (4) lactate fermentation.
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Fermentation is defined as the biochemical anaerobic process by which NADH is oxidized to
Pyruvate
(a)

Answer to Problem 13.106EP
Pyruvate is associated with (2) the Cori cycle, (3) glycolysis, and (4) the lactate fermentation.
Explanation of Solution
An overview of the Cori cycle is as follows:
Lactate is converted to pyruvate in the liver and pyruvate is converted to lactate in the active skeletal muscle cells. Therefore, pyruvate is associated with the Cori cycle.
The net overall equation for the glycolysis process is as follows:
Therefore, pyruvate is the final product of glycolysis metabolic pathway.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation. The
Therefore, pyruvate is associated with lactate fermentation.
(b)
Interpretation: To indicate whether
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate is associated with the
(b)

Answer to Problem 13.106EP
Explanation of Solution
The overall net equation for the pentose phosphate pathway is as follows:
Hence,
(c)
Interpretation: To indicate whether glucose is involved in (1) the pentose phosphate pathway, (2) the Cori cycle, (3) glycolysis, or (4) lactate fermentation.
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.
(c)

Answer to Problem 13.106EP
Glucose is associated with (1) the pentose phosphate pathway, (2) the Cori cycle, and (3) glycolysis.
Explanation of Solution
The overall net equation for the pentose phosphate pathway is as follows:
Glucose is present in the form of
An overview of the Cori cycle is as follows:
The net overall equation for the glycolysis process is as follows:
Glucose is encountered as a reactant in is the glycolysis metabolic pathway. Therefore, glucose is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, the Cori cycle, and (3) glycolysis.
(d)
Interpretation: To indicate whether
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.
(d)

Answer to Problem 13.106EP
Explanation of Solution
The overall net equation for the pentose phosphate pathway is as follows:
An overview of the glycolysis metabolic pathway is as follows:
Isomerization is the second step in the glycolysis process.
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Organic And Biological Chemistry
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