
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To indicate whether lactate is involved in (1) the pentose phosphate pathway, (2) the Cori cycle, (3) glycolysis, or (4) lactate fermentation.
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Fermentation is defined as the biochemical anaerobic process by which NADH is oxidized to
The structure of lactate is as follows:
(a)

Answer to Problem 13.105EP
Lactate is associated with (2) the Cori cycle and (4) the lactate fermentation.
Explanation of Solution
An overview of the Cori cycle is as follows:
Lactate is converted to pyruvate in the liver. Therefore, lactate is associated with the Cori cycle.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation. The
Therefore, lactate is associated with the Cori cycle and the lactate fermentation.
(b)
Interpretation: To indicate whether
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the
(b)

Answer to Problem 13.105EP
Explanation of Solution
An overview of the Cori cycle is as follows:
In the Cori cycle,
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation. The chemical reaction for the formation of lactate is as follows:
In the lactate fermentation, NADH is oxidized to
The net overall equation for the glycolysis process is as follows:
(c)
Interpretation: To indicate whether
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.
(c)

Answer to Problem 13.105EP
Explanation of Solution
The first stage of the pentose phosphate pathway is the oxidative stage. In the oxidative stage (involves three steps) of the pentose phosphate pathway,
The general equation for the entire pentose phosphate pathway is as follows:
Therefore,
The net overall equation for the glycolysis process is as follows:
Glucose enters the glycolysis metabolic pathway in the form of
(d)
Interpretation: To indicate whether
Concept introduction: The pentose phosphate pathway is defined as the metabolic pathway in which NADPH,
Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis metabolic pathway; pyruvate is further converted to lactate in the skeletal muscle cells by anaerobic reactions. The lactate is diffused into the bloodstream, by which it is transported to the liver. Lactate is reconverted to pyruvate. Gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway uses this pyruvate to synthesize glucose in the liver cells. Glucose is diffused into the bloodstream and is transported back to the active skeletal muscle cells. This cycle is known as the Cori cycle.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under oxygen-poor conditions by lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.
(d)

Answer to Problem 13.105EP
Explanation of Solution
The first stage of the pentose phosphate pathway is the oxidative stage. In the oxidative stage (involves three steps) of the pentose phosphate pathway,
The first step of the second stage i.e. the non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway is the isomerization of
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Chapter 13 Solutions
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