Chapter 13, Problem 13.18EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that consume ATP.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life and provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. It is converted either to adenosine monophosphate (AMP) or to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) after the consumption in the metabolic processes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that involve oxidation.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that involve NADH as a reactant.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

A reactant is defined as the substance that is initially present in the chemical reaction and gets consumed to form a new substance.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To identify the number of steps in glycolysis that involve a compound with a high-energy bond as a product.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes are produced along with pyruvate.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

High energy compounds are those compounds that release a large amount of energy upon hydrolysis. These compounds consist of highly strained bonds that are responsible for the release of a high amount of energy. The compounds containing a phosphate group are examples of high energy compounds.

A high-energy phosphate group is formed when a phosphate group is attached to a carbon atom participating in carbon-oxygen or carbon-carbon double bond.