Chapter 13, Problem 13.16EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize step 2 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

In the cleavage reaction, the covalent bond in the large molecule is cleaved and the molecule is dissociated into two or more fragments. In the oxidation reaction, the oxidation number of a molecule is increased. In the oxidation reaction, oxygen is added to the molecule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize step 4 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

In the cleavage reaction, the carbon-carbon bond is cleaved to form a new bond between carbon and oxygen atom. In the oxidation reaction, the oxidation number of a molecule is increased. In the oxidation reaction, oxygen is added to the molecule.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize step 6 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

In the cleavage reaction, the carbon-carbon bond is cleaved to form a new bond between carbon and oxygen atom. In the oxidation reaction, the oxidation number of a molecule is increased. In the oxidation reaction, oxygen is added to the molecule.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize step 8 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

In the cleavage reaction, the carbon-carbon bond is cleaved to form a new bond between carbon and oxygen atom. In the oxidation reaction, the oxidation number of a molecule is increased. In the oxidation reaction, oxygen is added to the molecule.