Chapter 13, Problem 13.15EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize Step 1 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize step 3 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize step 5 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To characterize step 5 relative to the type of reaction that occurs in the glycolysis process.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of two ATP molecules and NADH coenzymes. The conversion of a glucose molecule to the pyruvate molecules is an oxidation process in which no molecular ${\text{O}}_2$ is utilized.

The block diagram to represent an overview of glycolysis is as follows:

From the above diagram, it is concluded that in the overall process of glycolysis, two stages are present.

a) Steps 1 to 3 represents a six-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_6\text{ stage}\right)$.

b) Steps 4 to 10 represent a three-carbon stage $\left({\text{C}}_3\text{ stage}\right)$.

In the phosphorylation reaction, the molecule is attached to the phosphoryl group. The transfer of a phosphoryl group $\left({\text{PO}}_3^{2-}\right)$ is catalyzed by the kinase enzymes. In the glycolysis process, the phosphate group comes from ATP, ADP or some higher energetic phosphate molecules.

In the isomerization reaction, a molecule transformed itself to another molecule, having the same number of atoms with a different arrangement.