Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 42CTQ
If a postsynaptic cell has synapses from five different cells, and three cause EPSPs and two of them cause IPSPs, give an example of a series of depolarizations and hyperpolarizations that would result in the neuron reaching threshold.
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A postsynaptic neuron has three
presynaptic inputs from neurons
X, Y, and Z. When X and Y are
stimulated simultaneously and
repeatedly, the postsynaptic neuron
reaches threshold and undergoes
an action potential. When X and Z
are stimulated simultaneously,
however, there is no change in the
membrane potential of the
postsynaptic neuron. Which of the
following is correct?
Select one:
A. The simultaneous stimulation
of X and Z is an example of
temporal summation.
O B. The simultaneous stimulation
of X and Y is an example of
temporal summation.
O C. The repeated rapid
stimulation of X is an example
of spatial summation.
O D. The stimulation of Y causes
an IPSP in the postsynaptic
neuron.
O E. The stimulation of Z causes a
hyperpolarization in the
postsynaptic neuron.
Let’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron.
A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why?
B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)
You are examining a postsynaptic neuron that has a resting membrane potential
of -70 mV and a threshold of -55 mV. If an inhibitory presynaptic neuron creates
an IPSP of -5 mV and two excitatory presynaptic neurons have EPSPS of 10 and
12 mV, will the postsynaptic neuron fire an action potential if all three pre-
synaptic neurons fire at the same time? In your answer describe EPSPS, IPSPs,
temporal or spatial summation as appropriate.
Chapter 12 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 12 - In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - View the University of Michigan Webscope...Ch. 12 - What happens across the membrane of an...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Which of the following cavities contains a...Ch. 12 - Which structure predominates in the white matter...
Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical...Ch. 12 - Which term describes a bundle of axons in the...Ch. 12 - Which functional division of the nervous system...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell provides myelin for the...Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following substances is least able to...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage...Ch. 12 - What two types of macromolecules are the main...Ch. 12 - If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature...Ch. 12 - Which of these locations is where the greatest...Ch. 12 - How long does all the signaling through the...Ch. 12 - What is the target of an upper motor neuron?...Ch. 12 - What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of...Ch. 12 - Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon leaching what...Ch. 12 - What does a ligand-gated channel require in order...Ch. 12 - What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following voltages would most likely...Ch. 12 - Which of the following is probably going to...Ch. 12 - How much of a change in the membrane potential is...Ch. 12 - A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that...Ch. 12 - What neurotransmitter is released at the...Ch. 12 - What type of receptor requires an effector protein...Ch. 12 - Which of the following neurotransmitters is...Ch. 12 - What responses are generated by the nervous system...Ch. 12 - When eating food, what anatomical and functional...Ch. 12 - Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease...Ch. 12 - Which type of neuron, based on its shape, is best...Ch. 12 - Sensory fibers, or pathways, are referred to as...Ch. 12 - If a person has a motor disorder and cannot move...Ch. 12 - What does it mean for an action potential to be an...Ch. 12 - The conscious perception of pain is often delayed...Ch. 12 - If a postsynaptic cell has synapses from five...Ch. 12 - Why is the receptor the important element...
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- A common membrane-bound intermediary between the receptor and the effector protein within the plasma membrane is the __________________.arrow_forwardWhen action potentials arrive at a synapse between a neuron and another cell, they stimulate the release of molecules of a ________ that diffuse over to that cell.arrow_forwardWhen an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?arrow_forward
- What ion/s is/are most likely to have a high conductance through the Jerrionin channel?arrow_forwardIf a neuron is stimulated simultaneously by 2 stimuli at its dendrites (one generates a very large hyperpolarizing potential and the other generates a very small depolarizing potential). What would happen to this neuron? Group of answer choices The summation of these two graded potentials will generate an action potential and this action potential will travel down the axon. Summation of these two graded potentials will cause the membrane potential at the axon hillock to be more negative. These graded potentials will bring the resting membrane potential to 0 mV. These graded potentials with opposite polarity would therefore generate two action potentials and they will travel along this neuron in opposite direction.arrow_forwardWhich of the following are the likely explanations for the failure of a postsynaptic neuron to trigger an action potential? Select all that apply. The EPSPs are neutralized by the neurotransmitter The summation of IPSPs and EPSPs is insufficient to depolarize the cell to threshold The synapses generating the EPSPs are too close to the axon hillock The synapses generating the EPSPs are too far from the axon hillockarrow_forward
- You generate action potentials in a neuron bathed in solution in a petri dish by applying a threshold-level depolarizing stimulus near its axon hillock. If the solution surrounding the neuron contained 5mM K+, 150 mM Na+, and 0 mM Ca2+ which of the following would you expect? The neuron would not be able to propagate action potentials down the entire length of the axon The neuron would not release neurotransmitter from the axon terminal The neurons action potentials would have an unusually long duration The neuron would have a resting membrane potential of zeroarrow_forwardPhotoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?arrow_forwardAssume a neuron is at rest and the following changes happen: Step 1: Neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic excitatory neurotransmitter receptor causing an EPSP. Step 2: With the neurotransmitter still bound either a NAM or non-competitive antagonist bind to the allosteric site of the receptor. Answer the following questions that explains how the NAM and non-competitive antagonist would differ in their actions. 4.) A. Going from step 1 to step 2 what would happen to the ionotropic receptor (ion channel) as a result of the NAM. B. Going from step 1 to step 2 what would happen to the ionotropic receptor (ion channel) as a result of the non-competitive antagonist. C. Going from step 1 to step 2 how would membrane potential change as a result of the NAM D. Going from step 1 to step 2 how would the membrane potential change as a result of the non-competitive antagonist.arrow_forward
- At a synapse, opening one sodium channel (for the normal duration before closing) causes a small depolarization. Opening a handful of sodium channels may cause a larger depolarization. Opening more channels may lead to an even larger depolarization, up to a point. Then the depolarization would be the same regardless of how many other sodium channels opened. Explain why the number of open channels increases the depolarization, and why it doesn’t matter beyond a certain point.arrow_forwardDepression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?arrow_forwardBased upon the changes in permeability seen in the trace below and your knowledge of ion distributions across a cell, predict how ion movements would change during an action potential. Drag and drop each phrase into the appropriate box on the action potential trace. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note: not all labels will be used. ►View Available Hint(s) Sodium (Na+) ions move to the axon Sodium (Na) ions move out of the axon Less potassium (K) ions move out of the axon Potassium (K) ions move out of the axon Potassium (K¹) ions move into the axon Sodium (Na) ions stop moving in Membrane potential (mv) +30 +10 0 -10- -30 -50 -70 -90 A PNa 0 PNa 5 6 1 PK Threshold PK 2 Reset Helparrow_forward
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