Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 21RQ
How long does all the signaling through the sensory pathway within the central nervous system, and through the motor command pathway take?
- 1 to 2 minutes
- 1 to 2 seconds
- fraction of a second
- varies with graded potential
Expert Solution & Answer
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Graded (Local)
Potentials
All or none
Do not reach threshold
Change in RMP
Size depends on size of stimulus
Chemically or mechanically gated
channels
Decreases in intensity
Found in axon
Found in dendrites
Involve gated channels
Involve K+ diffusion
Involve Na+ diffusion
Self-propagating
Has a threshold
Action Potentials
Voltage gated channels
Local signaling
Long distance signaling
Action
potential
+40
Threshold
-55
Failed
initiations
Resting state
-70
Stimulus T
Refractory
period
3.
4.
Time (ms)
Which of the following are true about the propagation of an action potential?
O Action potential is triggered by the opening of voltage gated potassium channels
Once threshold potential is reached, the neuron always depolarizes
The refractory period prevents propagation back to the point of initiation of the
action potential
Once initiated, the action potential propagates in an all or nothing fashion
Voltage (mV)
Depolarization
Repolarization
Local potentials are
produced by ligand-gated channels
True
False
Chapter 12 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 12 - In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - View the University of Michigan Webscope...Ch. 12 - What happens across the membrane of an...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Which of the following cavities contains a...Ch. 12 - Which structure predominates in the white matter...
Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical...Ch. 12 - Which term describes a bundle of axons in the...Ch. 12 - Which functional division of the nervous system...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell provides myelin for the...Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following substances is least able to...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage...Ch. 12 - What two types of macromolecules are the main...Ch. 12 - If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature...Ch. 12 - Which of these locations is where the greatest...Ch. 12 - How long does all the signaling through the...Ch. 12 - What is the target of an upper motor neuron?...Ch. 12 - What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of...Ch. 12 - Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon leaching what...Ch. 12 - What does a ligand-gated channel require in order...Ch. 12 - What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following voltages would most likely...Ch. 12 - Which of the following is probably going to...Ch. 12 - How much of a change in the membrane potential is...Ch. 12 - A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that...Ch. 12 - What neurotransmitter is released at the...Ch. 12 - What type of receptor requires an effector protein...Ch. 12 - Which of the following neurotransmitters is...Ch. 12 - What responses are generated by the nervous system...Ch. 12 - When eating food, what anatomical and functional...Ch. 12 - Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease...Ch. 12 - Which type of neuron, based on its shape, is best...Ch. 12 - Sensory fibers, or pathways, are referred to as...Ch. 12 - If a person has a motor disorder and cannot move...Ch. 12 - What does it mean for an action potential to be an...Ch. 12 - The conscious perception of pain is often delayed...Ch. 12 - If a postsynaptic cell has synapses from five...Ch. 12 - Why is the receptor the important element...
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- please helparrow_forwardA typical intracellularly recorded nerve action potential approximates 80 mV. Why were the recorded action potentials from the earth worm so much smaller? They were recorded from much smaller axons They were recorded extracellularly They were recorded following very short durations of stimulation They were recorded following very small depolarizationsarrow_forwardcan you help me with these questions please, im studying for an exam.arrow_forward
- A change in the axon membrane potential from -70 mV to -64 mV would be called a depolarization polarization hyperpolarization potentialarrow_forwardThe options for all 8 are either: Depolarization, Na+ influx into cell Vm=-70mV inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels Vm = -55mV, voltage Gated Na+ channels open graded potentials stimulating depolarization at the axon hillock hyperpolarization Repolarization, K+ efflux out of cell cells return to resting membrane potentialarrow_forwardMatch the events listed with their order in the mechanisms behind the firing of an action potential under normal conditions (without tetrodotoxin present in the man's body). The cell has a resting membrane potential of -65 mV. You should match these events at the initial segment of a bipolar neuron. Please note that this is a sequence question. Although not an option below, you should consider that neurotransmitters are bound to ligand-gated receptors causing EPSPs. Now, put the process in the correct sequence: **arrange from 1-10arrow_forward
- At the membrane of an axón, the action potential is -60 mV for K+ ions. Calculate the external and internal concentration ratios.arrow_forwardIn the dark, bipolar cells are O inactive due to open Cl- channels active due to open Na+ channels inactive due to closed Ca++ channels active due to open Ca++ channelsarrow_forwardA ________ potentail is a local, graded depolarization in a receptor cell triggered by the threshold stmulus opening the ion channels generator graded action positivearrow_forward
- Action potential +40 Threshold -55 Failed Initiations -70 Resting state Stimulus Refractory period 1. 3. Time (ms) The refractory period or the hyperpolarization phase of an action potential in a neuron, is due to which of the following ? the prolonged opening of Na+ channels the closure of Na+ channels the closure of K+ channels the prolonged opening of K+ channels Repolarization Uonezuojoda0 Voltage (mV)arrow_forwardThe traces below show the action potential waveforms in an external meidum of different concentrations of * 40 100% 50% 33% 40 1 2 time (msec) calcium chloride potassium O sodiumarrow_forwardMatch the stages of action potential with the appropriate image or description. PICK AND MATCH FROM THESE 1. Resting membrane potential 2. Threshold 3. Depolarization 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization 6. Refractory period The potential difference that must be met in order for an action potential to be generated When the potential drops below resting level Location 3 on this image When the potential starts to decrease again after it has reached a maximum Location 4 on this image Occurs at -77 mV When the membrane is resetting and an action potential cannot yet be produced again When the sodium channels are open Occurs at -55 mVarrow_forward
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