Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 22RQ
What is the target of an upper motor neuron?
- cerebral cortex
- lower motor neuron
- skeletal muscle
- thalamus
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Which of the following statements best describes the axonal projection patterns of upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex?
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are cholinergic and their axons project directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are glutamatergic and their axons project to the thalamus, brain stem and directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord where they synapse with cholinergic lower motoneurons that control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to neurons in the cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem that in turn contact lower motoneurons in the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons which are often affected in MND are originate from the
Primary motor cortex only
Somatosensory motor cortex only
Primary motor and pre motor cortices
Pre motor cortex only
Primary motor, pre motor and primary sensory cortices
There are three basic levels of somatic motor control: reflexes, subconscious control, and conscious control. Review these three levels of control by answering the questions below:
1. Which process is the fastest?
2. Which process is the slowest?
3. Which process is the simplest (has the fewest synapses)?
4. Which process is the most complex?
5. Which process are you aware of?
6. A decision made by nuclei in the brain, but not the spinal cord, is which process?
7. A decision made by the spinal cord is which process
8. A decision made by the cerebral cortex is which process?
Chapter 12 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 12 - In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - View the University of Michigan Webscope...Ch. 12 - What happens across the membrane of an...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Which of the following cavities contains a...Ch. 12 - Which structure predominates in the white matter...
Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical...Ch. 12 - Which term describes a bundle of axons in the...Ch. 12 - Which functional division of the nervous system...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell provides myelin for the...Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following substances is least able to...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage...Ch. 12 - What two types of macromolecules are the main...Ch. 12 - If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature...Ch. 12 - Which of these locations is where the greatest...Ch. 12 - How long does all the signaling through the...Ch. 12 - What is the target of an upper motor neuron?...Ch. 12 - What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of...Ch. 12 - Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon leaching what...Ch. 12 - What does a ligand-gated channel require in order...Ch. 12 - What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following voltages would most likely...Ch. 12 - Which of the following is probably going to...Ch. 12 - How much of a change in the membrane potential is...Ch. 12 - A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that...Ch. 12 - What neurotransmitter is released at the...Ch. 12 - What type of receptor requires an effector protein...Ch. 12 - Which of the following neurotransmitters is...Ch. 12 - What responses are generated by the nervous system...Ch. 12 - When eating food, what anatomical and functional...Ch. 12 - Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease...Ch. 12 - Which type of neuron, based on its shape, is best...Ch. 12 - Sensory fibers, or pathways, are referred to as...Ch. 12 - If a person has a motor disorder and cannot move...Ch. 12 - What does it mean for an action potential to be an...Ch. 12 - The conscious perception of pain is often delayed...Ch. 12 - If a postsynaptic cell has synapses from five...Ch. 12 - Why is the receptor the important element...
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