Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 22RQ
What is the target of an upper motor neuron?
- cerebral cortex
- lower motor neuron
- skeletal muscle
- thalamus
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Which of the following statements best describes the axonal projection patterns of upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex?
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are cholinergic and their axons project directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are glutamatergic and their axons project to the thalamus, brain stem and directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord where they synapse with cholinergic lower motoneurons that control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to neurons in the cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem that in turn contact lower motoneurons in the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements.
Upper motoneurons which are often affected in MND are originate from the
Primary motor cortex only
Somatosensory motor cortex only
Primary motor and pre motor cortices
Pre motor cortex only
Primary motor, pre motor and primary sensory cortices
There are three basic levels of somatic motor control: reflexes, subconscious control, and conscious control. Review these three levels of control by answering the questions below:
1. Which process is the fastest?
2. Which process is the slowest?
3. Which process is the simplest (has the fewest synapses)?
4. Which process is the most complex?
5. Which process are you aware of?
6. A decision made by nuclei in the brain, but not the spinal cord, is which process?
7. A decision made by the spinal cord is which process
8. A decision made by the cerebral cortex is which process?
Chapter 12 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 12 - In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - View the University of Michigan Webscope...Ch. 12 - What happens across the membrane of an...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Which of the following cavities contains a...Ch. 12 - Which structure predominates in the white matter...
Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical...Ch. 12 - Which term describes a bundle of axons in the...Ch. 12 - Which functional division of the nervous system...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell provides myelin for the...Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following substances is least able to...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage...Ch. 12 - What two types of macromolecules are the main...Ch. 12 - If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature...Ch. 12 - Which of these locations is where the greatest...Ch. 12 - How long does all the signaling through the...Ch. 12 - What is the target of an upper motor neuron?...Ch. 12 - What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of...Ch. 12 - Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon leaching what...Ch. 12 - What does a ligand-gated channel require in order...Ch. 12 - What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following voltages would most likely...Ch. 12 - Which of the following is probably going to...Ch. 12 - How much of a change in the membrane potential is...Ch. 12 - A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that...Ch. 12 - What neurotransmitter is released at the...Ch. 12 - What type of receptor requires an effector protein...Ch. 12 - Which of the following neurotransmitters is...Ch. 12 - What responses are generated by the nervous system...Ch. 12 - When eating food, what anatomical and functional...Ch. 12 - Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease...Ch. 12 - Which type of neuron, based on its shape, is best...Ch. 12 - Sensory fibers, or pathways, are referred to as...Ch. 12 - If a person has a motor disorder and cannot move...Ch. 12 - What does it mean for an action potential to be an...Ch. 12 - The conscious perception of pain is often delayed...Ch. 12 - If a postsynaptic cell has synapses from five...Ch. 12 - Why is the receptor the important element...
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- What function do unipolar neurons provide and where is their cell body found? They are motor neurons with their cell body in the central nervous system They are sensory neurons with their cell body located in the central nervous system They are motor neurons with their cell body located outside of the central nervous system They are sensory neurons with their cell body located outside of the central nervous systemarrow_forwardSubjecting neurons in the perforant pathway to tetanus stimulation strengthens activity in the dentate gyrus, indicating that long-term potentiation does not occur in the hippocampus. the hippocampus is involved in memory. synapses in the brain do not behave like Hebbian synapses. synapses in the brain can behave like Hebbian synapses.arrow_forwardOn this motor neuron, Add in and label: dendritic spines an axon collateral, with axon terminals synaptic knobs myelin on the axon and axon collateral synaptic knobs Draw arrows and label: ахon axon terminals synaptic knobs cell body dendrites and dendritic spines And draw an arrow showing the direction the action potential travels.arrow_forward
- Which of the Basal Ganglia loops is associated with switching tasks and prioritizing movements? Affective loop Motor loop Visual/Occulomotor loop Cognitive looparrow_forwardBipolar neurons: Group of answer choices -are motor neurons -detect touch and vibration -are found in the head -have many axons During an earthquake, which type of sensory receptor would sense the fact that your body is shaking? Group of answer choices -Baroreceptors -Proprioceptors -Tactile receptors -Chemoreceptors Which of the following is not at least partially overseen by the brainstem? Group of answer choices -visceral motor functions -regulation of the heart -coordinating muscle movements to produce smooth movement -regulation of respiration Which of the following is an incorrect association of brain region and ventricle? In other words, which ventricle is not located in the respective brain region? Group of answer choices -third ventricle: midbrain -lateral ventricles: cerebral hemispheres -fourth ventricle: medulla oblongata -fourth ventricle: ponsarrow_forwardSomatic sensory and somatic motor information are propagated via specialized neurons. If you dip your toes in a hot tub before entering the tub, the action potentials generated by the water temperature travels via which of the following structures before it can be perceived by you? O unipolar neurons from the toes to the spinal nerve, ventral root, spinal cord, thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex O unipolar neurons from the toes to the spinal nerve, dorsal root, spinal cord, thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex O multipolar neurons from the toes to the spinal nerve, ventral root, spinal cord, thalamus, primary somatosensory cortex O multipolar neurons from the toes to the spinal nerves, dorsal root, spinal cord, thalamus, primary somatosensory cortexarrow_forward
- Sort the structures that the action potential would pass through after being generated by the first order sensory neuron. Drag and drop options into correct order and submit. thalamus anterior ramus of spinal nerve posterior root and rootlets somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum posterior funiculus brainstem brachial plexus posterior grey horn ||| ||| = ||| = ||| = ||| = ||| ||| ||| =arrow_forwardBased on the attached figure (Fig. Box 18B of the textbook), what is the output structure of the basal ganglia for the limbic loop? NON-MOTOR LOOPS Oculomotor loop Prefrontal loop Limbic loop MOTOR LOOPS Body movement loop Primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor cortex Frontal eye field, supplementary eye field Frontal cortex Cortical input Thalamus Pallidum Striatum Motor, premotor, somatosensory cortex Putamen Cortical targets Cortical targets Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Posterior pariétal, prefrontal cortex Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Caudate (body) Anterior caudate Cortical targets Anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex Amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, temporal cortex Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) Ventral HA Globus pallidus, internal segment Globus pallidus, Internal segment; substantia nigra pars reticulata Globus pallidus, internal segment substantia nigra pars reticulata pallidum Ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei Mediodorsal…arrow_forwardMotor Pathways Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used. anterior interneurons receptors posterior effectors descending lower upper skeletal muscle Motor pathways are least two motor neurons are present in the motor pathway: an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. The cell body of an within the brain stem. Axons of these synapse either directly on pathways in the brain and spinal cord that control At motor neuron is housed either within the cerebral cortex or a nucleus motor neurons, or on . The cell body of a lower motor neuron is housed either within the spinal cord or within a brainstem cranial nerve nucleus. Axons of the lower motor neurons exit the CNS and horn of the project to to be innervated.arrow_forward
- Parkinson's disease affects the cerebral basal ganglia, resulting in tremors in limbs, slowness in beginning and completing movements, and other abnormalities of muscle control. Explain what the root cause of Parkinson's disease is (where, what is happening and what symptoms are seen). A treatment option is Dopamine, that usually fails. Propose a reason why this treatment fails. Propose a biomedical device intervention that you could use to control symptoms and how it works.arrow_forwardPlease helparrow_forwardPlease answer question 35arrow_forward
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