Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 25RQ
What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?
- increase in concentration of Na+ ions
- binding of a neuro transmitter
- increase in concentration of K+ ions
- depolarization of the membrane
Expert Solution & Answer
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Classify each phrase as describing ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, or both.
Ligand-gated ion channels
a form of passive transport
Voltage-gated ion channels
include the acetylcholine receptor
change conformation in response to changing membrane potential
Answer Bank
may participate in an action potential
Both
change conformation in response to a signal molecule binding
please help
Consider this graph:
Membrane
potential (mV)
+40
-10
-60
02
4
6
8
10
Time (ms)
During this phase (where the arrow is pointing), all of the following occur except
potassium ions flow out of the axon through leaky non-gated K+ channels
the membrane potential is slowly approaching the equilibrium potential for
potassium
voltage-gated sodium channels are transitioning from inactivated state to "resting
but closed" state
voltage-gated potassium channels are closing due to hyperpolarization of the
membrane
Chapter 12 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
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- Conformational changes in channel proteins brought about by voltage changes are responsible for opening and closing Na+ and K+ gates during the generation of an action potential. (True or false?)arrow_forwardBinding of molecules elicits a conformational change that allows the entry of resulting in the depolarization of the effector cell. O Ach, Cat O2 Ach, Na+ O Ach, Na+ O2 Ach, Catarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes the features of voltage-gated K+ channels? They consist of 4 subunits, are activated at the same time as voltage-gated Na+ channels, but do not inactivate. They consist of 4 subunits, are activated by depolarisation and close slowly during the refractory period. They have 24 membrane spanning alpha helices, 4 of which have positively charged amino acids which promote a conformational change in the channel following depolarisation. They consist of 4 subunits and are open at rest which causes the resting membrane potential to be close to the K+ equilibrium potential.arrow_forward
- Place the following events in chronological order from 1-8: Nat enters the cell, and depolarization occurs to approximately +30 mV. The voltage across the cell membrane is -70 mV, the resting membrane potential. Upon reaching the peak of the action potential, the VG Nat channels are inactivated by the closing of their inactivation gate and the activation gate of each VG K channel opens. VG K channels close by the closing of their activation gate, and the resting membrane potential is gradually restored. An excitatory post-synaptic potential depolarizes the membrane to threshold and the activation gate of VG Nat channels open. Upon returning to the resting membrane potential, VG Na channels are reset by opening of the inactivation gate and the closing of the activation gate. VG K+ channels are slow to close, resulting in an excess of K* efflux and hyperpolarization. Depolarization occurs as K+ flows out of the cell.arrow_forwardGraded (Local) Potentials All or none Do not reach threshold Change in RMP Size depends on size of stimulus Chemically or mechanically gated channels Decreases in intensity Found in axon Found in dendrites Involve gated channels Involve K+ diffusion Involve Na+ diffusion Self-propagating Has a threshold Action Potentials Voltage gated channels Local signaling Long distance signalingarrow_forwardWhich ion channel is open at phase K? +30 M N K -55 L -70 Time Voltage-gated ion channel specific to sodium ions Voltage-gated ion channel specific to potassium ions Ligand-gated ion channel specific to sodium ions Ligand-gated ion channel specific to potassium ions Membrane potential (mV)arrow_forward
- Which of the following is not an excitatory ligand-gated ion channel? NACHR AMPAR ASIC GABA-ARarrow_forwardChannel labels Voltage-gated K* channels Voltage-gated Na+ channels Ligand-gated Na+ channels Voltage-gated K* channels lon movement labels K+ exits cell Na+ enters cell K+ exits cell Na+ enters cell Graded potential Depolarization (EPSP) +30 mV -70 Time (msec) +30 mV -70 Depolarization Action potential Time (msec) +30 mV -70 Repolarization Time (msec) +30 mV Hyperpolarization Overshoot -70 Time (msec)arrow_forwardPatch clamping is a technique to record the electrical potential or to measure currents generated by ions moving across the cell membrane. The figure shows the patch clamp records of a neurone before (control) and after treatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX) from pufferfish. TTX most like binds to and blocks Control inward current 50 pA 5 ms TTX voltage-gated sodium channels voltage-gated chloride channels sodium potassium pumps nicotinic acetylcholine receptors alpha adrenergic receptors muscarinic acetylcholine receptors beta adrenergic receptorsarrow_forward
- Which of the following BEST explains the inside negative potential in resting neurons? sodium flows down its electrochemical gradient through sodium-selective channels that are open in resting neurons membrane transporters produce a large sodium concentration gradient by selectively accumulating sodium ions outside the cell the membrane of a resting neuron is more permeable to potassium ions than to other ions present a larger concentration of chloride ions are found inside the cell making the inside of the cell more negative compared to the outside of the cellarrow_forwardBased on our discussions for different members of the K+ channel family (which include Kv, KCa, HCN/CNG, Kir, and K2P), which of the following can bind to K+ channels, enhancing activation? Ca++/calmodulin Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) PIP2 All of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about voltage gated channels is true? Voltage-gated sodium channels open at a higher (more positive) membrane potential than do potassium-gated channels Voltage-gated sodium channels open at a lower (more negative) membrane potential than do potassium-gated channels Sodium- and postassium-gated channels open at about the same membrane potential, but they have different effects because there are different numbers of the two kinds of channels in neuron cell membranesarrow_forward
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