Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 33RQ
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?
- GABA
- acetylcholine
- glutamate
- norepinephrine
Expert Solution & Answer
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Classify the following neurotransmitters as excitatory or inhibitory:
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABA
Norepinephrine
Glutamate
Dopamine
Identify the inhibitory neurotransmitter which opens chloride ion channels.
gamma amino butyric acid
acetylcholine
tubocurarine
strychnine
glutamate
Spastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of:
the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels
the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels
the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels
the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels
the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channels
Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are a group of neurotransmitters collectively called
monoamines. A lack of these monoamines has been linked to depression. Depression is treated with dru
that prolong the effect of these neurotransmitters either by preventing the re-uptake of the
neurotransmitters, or by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down these neurotransmitters.
Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters'are true? The table lists the classifications of
three antidepressants.
Antidepressant
Classification
fluoxetine
selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI)
phenelzine
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor
amitriptyline
tricyclic antidepressant
Check all that apply.
View Available Hint(s)
MAO inhibitors are examples of monoamine antagonists.
EFluoxetine inhibits the enzyme that breaks down monoamines.
ODopamine plays a role in feelings of pleasure and pain.
DA deficiency of serotonin norepinephrine, and dopamine is associated with depression.
Some drug…
Chapter 12 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 12 - In 2003, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - View the University of Michigan Webscope...Ch. 12 - What happens across the membrane of an...Ch. 12 - Visit this site...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Watch this video...Ch. 12 - Which of the following cavities contains a...Ch. 12 - Which structure predominates in the white matter...
Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical...Ch. 12 - Which term describes a bundle of axons in the...Ch. 12 - Which functional division of the nervous system...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell provides myelin for the...Ch. 12 - Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following substances is least able to...Ch. 12 - What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage...Ch. 12 - What two types of macromolecules are the main...Ch. 12 - If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature...Ch. 12 - Which of these locations is where the greatest...Ch. 12 - How long does all the signaling through the...Ch. 12 - What is the target of an upper motor neuron?...Ch. 12 - What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of...Ch. 12 - Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon leaching what...Ch. 12 - What does a ligand-gated channel require in order...Ch. 12 - What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?...Ch. 12 - Which of the following voltages would most likely...Ch. 12 - Which of the following is probably going to...Ch. 12 - How much of a change in the membrane potential is...Ch. 12 - A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that...Ch. 12 - What neurotransmitter is released at the...Ch. 12 - What type of receptor requires an effector protein...Ch. 12 - Which of the following neurotransmitters is...Ch. 12 - What responses are generated by the nervous system...Ch. 12 - When eating food, what anatomical and functional...Ch. 12 - Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease...Ch. 12 - Which type of neuron, based on its shape, is best...Ch. 12 - Sensory fibers, or pathways, are referred to as...Ch. 12 - If a person has a motor disorder and cannot move...Ch. 12 - What does it mean for an action potential to be an...Ch. 12 - The conscious perception of pain is often delayed...Ch. 12 - If a postsynaptic cell has synapses from five...Ch. 12 - Why is the receptor the important element...
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- Which of these neurotransmitters is an endocannabinoid? ts O glutamate O adenosine O serotonin all are endocannabinoids none are endocannabinoidsarrow_forwardBeta blockers are a class of drugs that inhibit the action of what neurotransmitter? O norepinephrine beta glucan dopamine acetylcholinearrow_forwardwhere are the locations you can these neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine Epinephrine Serotonin Glutamate Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Acetylcholinearrow_forward
- Neurotransmitter Glutamate GABA Acetylcholine (Ach) Dopamine Norepinephrine serotonin General Function (a few words) Primary excitatory neurotransmitter Location(s) Widespread throughout the brain mGluRs Receptors differ in distribution throughout brain Receptor subtypes AMPA, NMDA, (metabotropic!) GABAa (iontropic) Muscarinic (cortex) & nicotinic (muscles) D1-D5 Variety of metabotropic receptors Lots of subtypes.arrow_forwardA drug given to a patient has side effects that are very similar to Parkinson's disease symptoms. What neurotransmitter may be effected by this drug? O acetylcholine O dopamine norepinephrine O histamine GABA O glutamate O ATParrow_forwardAlcohol affects the central nervous system by enhancing the effect ofGABA at its receptor. GABA binds to GABA receptors and opensligand-gated Cl–channels. However, chronic consumption of alcoholmakes the GABA receptor less sensitive to both alcohol and GABA,which increases alcohol dependence as well as alcohol withdrawalsymptoms, such as anxiety, tremors, and insomnia. Benzodiazepinesenhance the binding of GABA molecules to their receptors and thus aresometimes used to treat people with alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Forsynapses involving GABA, predict the effect of alcohol on the postsynaptic membranes; compare the effect of chronic alcohol consumption onthe postsynaptic membranes in these synapses; and predict the effect ofbenzodiazepine treatment on the degree of polarization of postsynapticmembranes in people who are experiencing alcohol withdrawalsymptoms.arrow_forward
- Which statement is true regarding GABA and Glutamate? Glutamate signaling is only required for the development of glutamatergic synapses O GABA is always inhibitory Glutamate is recycled with the aid of glial cells at the synapse O Neither glutamate nor GABA are very prevalent in the CNSarrow_forwardDescribe the neurotransmitters shown in Section 11.14 in the selected neurotransmitters table. Give examples of how they might occur in the body.arrow_forwardFlaccid paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to contract), induced by the neurotoxin tubocurarine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of: the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channels the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channelsarrow_forward
- Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse, leading to a rapid rise of dopamine in the synapse. Which of the following best describes what will likely occur as a result of increased dopamine in the synapse? The presynaptic cell will be unable to release more neurotransmitter. the postsynaptic cell will return to its resting potential, causing feelings of well-being. The postsynaptic cell will be constantly activated, causing feelings of euphoria. The postsynaptic cell will respond more quickly to a change in output of the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria. The buildup of neurotransmitter will activate the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria.arrow_forwardGlutamate and GABA are neurotransmitters made in GABAergic and glycinergic nerve terminals. The enzyme responsible for the conversion of glutamate to GABA is phosphate activated glutaminase Glutamic acid decarboxylase Glutamic deaminase GABA aminotransferasearrow_forwardThe following diagram represents a typical serotonergic synapse. Where, specifically, do antidepressants work (e.g. SSRI)? Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter transporter Аxon Synaptic vesicle terminal Voltage- gated Ca?+ channel Synaptic cleft Receptor Postsynaptic density Dendrite Neurotransmitter Synaptic Vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter (aka Reuptake transporter) Receptor O All of the abovearrow_forward
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