HUMAN PHYSIO W/ APR & PHILS (LL) PKG
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781265382353
Author: Fox
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 11, Problem 36RA
Diabetics who require insulin injections can experience what is called the "dawn phenomenon"-when they first wake up in the morning, they may require higher doses of insulin to control their blood glucose. People usually awaken naturally from REM sleep, which is a sleep stage that is stressful. Explain the endocrine events that are responsible for the dawn phenomenon.
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A female patient presents to a clinician feeling tired, hot and sweaty, losing
weight and having mood swings. After discussion the clinician suspects
Graves' disease. Explain how knowledge of feedback loops in the relevant
endocrine pathway might help to diagnose Graves' disease, including the
possible underlying causes and how the patient might be treated if Graves'
disease is confirmed?
Which of the following statements about endocrine targeting and reception is correct?
a. The idea that one hormone affects one type of tissue is illustrated when epinephrine cannot adivate both the receptors on liver cells and the beta receptors of heart muscle.
B. The idea that the response to a hormone is the same amling different target cells is shown when diferent liver cells are activated by insulin.
C. The idea that one hormone affects one type of tissue is illustrated when epinephrine binds to smooth cells in blood vessels, as well as to beta cells in heart muscle
d. The idea that a minute concentration of hormone can cause widespread effects demonstrates the specificity if cells for certain hormones.
E. The idea that a target cell can responds to more than one hormone is illustrated by a vertabrate liver cell responding to insulin and glucagon.
Consider the communication between the hypothalamus, pituitary and various target organs when answering this question. For each condition discussed, state the change you would expect to find for each hormone/compound addressed - INCREASED, DECREASED, UNAFFECTED, CAN'T INTERPRET:
A patient suffering from untreated Graves disease:
A) TSH B) Calcitonin C) Thyroxine(T4/T3) D) TRH
A patient suffering from untreated goiter:
A) TSH B) Calcitonin C) Thyroxine(T4/T3) D) TRH
A patient suffering from pituitary tumor secreting ACTH:
A) CRH B) ACTH C) Cortisol D) Plasma potassium level
Now, let's consider calcium metabolism and balance. For each condition discussed, state the change you would expect to find for hormone/calcium levels - INCREASED, DECREASED, UNAFFECTED, CAN'T INTERPRET:
A patient with…
Chapter 11 Solutions
HUMAN PHYSIO W/ APR & PHILS (LL) PKG
Ch. 11 - Compare the four chemical classes of hormones with...Ch. 11 - Define prohormone and prehormone, and give...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1cCPCh. 11 - Prob. 2aCPCh. 11 - Prob. 2bCPCh. 11 - Prob. 3CPCh. 11 - Prob. 4aCPCh. 11 - Describe the sequence of events by which a hormone...Ch. 11 - Prob. 4cCPCh. 11 - Prob. 5aCP
Ch. 11 - Prob. 5bCPCh. 11 - List the hormones secreted by the anterior...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7CPCh. 11 - Prob. 8aCPCh. 11 - Prob. 8bCPCh. 11 - Prob. 9aCPCh. 11 - Prob. 9bCPCh. 11 - Describe the structure of the thyroid gland and...Ch. 11 - Describe how thyroid hormones are produced and how...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10cCPCh. 11 - Describe the location of the parathyroid glands...Ch. 11 - Prob. 12aCPCh. 11 - Describe how insulin and glucagon secretion are...Ch. 11 - Prob. 13CPCh. 11 - Prob. 14CPCh. 11 - Explain the nature of autocrine regulation. How...Ch. 11 - List some of the paracrine regulators produced by...Ch. 11 - Prob. 16aCPCh. 11 - Prob. 16bCPCh. 11 - Prob. 1RACh. 11 - Prob. 2RACh. 11 - Which of these statements about the adrenal cortex...Ch. 11 - Which of these statements about the hormone...Ch. 11 - Prob. 5RACh. 11 - Prob. 6RACh. 11 - Prob. 7RACh. 11 - Prob. 8RACh. 11 - Steroid hormones arc secreted by...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10RACh. 11 - Prob. 11RACh. 11 - Prob. 12RACh. 11 - Prob. 13RACh. 11 - Which of these hormones may have a primary role in...Ch. 11 - Prob. 15RACh. 11 - What do insulin-like growth factors,...Ch. 11 - Prob. 17RACh. 11 - Prob. 18RACh. 11 - Prob. 19RACh. 11 - Describe the sequence of events by which a hormone...Ch. 11 - Prob. 21RACh. 11 - Prob. 22RACh. 11 - Prob. 23RACh. 11 - Prob. 24RACh. 11 - Describe how thyroid hormone secretion is...Ch. 11 - Prob. 26RACh. 11 - Prob. 27RACh. 11 - Prob. 28RACh. 11 - Prob. 29RACh. 11 - Prob. 30RACh. 11 - Prob. 31RACh. 11 - Prob. 32RACh. 11 - Prob. 33RACh. 11 - Distinguish between the genomic and nongenomic...Ch. 11 - Prob. 35RACh. 11 - Diabetics who require insulin injections can...Ch. 11 - Prob. 37RACh. 11 - Prob. 38RACh. 11 - Prob. 39RACh. 11 - Prob. 40RA
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- Which hormones produced in the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland have the targets indicated? Below, fill in the blanks using the abbreviations noted in Section 15.3.arrow_forwardFor our patient John with diabetes type II, he can make insulin but his body cells can be resistant to this insulin. Note: activated insulin receptors will activate glucose receptors. How is John’s diabetes related to the endocrine system?arrow_forwardExplain the actions of two hormones of the islets of Langerhans on the level of glucose in the blood. What is the consequence of insulin insufficiency or insensitivity as in the disease diabetes mellitus?arrow_forward
- What happens to the insulin-secreting capacity of a type 2 diabetic placed on insulin therapy earlier than recommended? Can the external supply of insulin improve the functional capacity of the insulin-secreting cells, to some extent by providing some rest to these cells? Is inhaled insulin a suitable substitute for injectable insulin? Is there, or will there soon be, insulin in the form of a tablet?arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes the role of the hexosamine pathway in the pathogenesis of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus? Question 79 options: a) It involves irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which damages components of the microcirculation leading to retinopathy, etc. b) It promotes the O-linked glycosylation of proteins and transcription factors, resulting in altered gene expression contributing to insulin resistance & cardiovascular complications c) It promotes the synthesis of DAG which increases pro-inflammatory gene expression and endothelial ET-1 production resulting in blood flow abnormalities d) It leads to intracellular accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol and fructose which damages Schwann cells, erythrocytes and the lens of the eyearrow_forwardInsulin is obligatory in the following states, except:A. Light course of type 2 diabetes mellitusB. Pregnancy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus C. Lactation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusD. Ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusE. Surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusarrow_forward
- A patient is observed to have symptoms that are consistent with increased concentrations of epinephrine in the blood, including a rapid heart rate, anxiety, and elevated fatty acid concentrations. However, the circulating epinephrine concentrations are measured and found to be in the normal range. What might explain this?arrow_forwardInsulin is a peptide hormone that is lacking from the body in some forms of diabetes mellitus. Why do people with this type of diabetes inject insulin rather than consuming an insulin pill?arrow_forwardThe hormones insulin and glucagon play an important role in the regulation of plasma glucose. b) People with Type II diabetes mellitus can manage their condition (maintain adequate glycaemic control) through use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Provide a rationale for how two hypoglycaemic drugs, with different mechanisms of action, can both work to lower blood glucose levels in Type II diabetes.arrow_forward
- Describe the close relationship between the human nervous and endocrine systems. Explain in detail the two main ways the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland. Then explain how the pituitary gland exerts control over many other endocrine glands.arrow_forwardExplain the concept of coordination in the context of endocrine system function. Differentiate exocrine from endocrine glands. Describe the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, target glands, and target organs. Enumerate the secretion of the hypothalamus and their functions. List the hormones secreted by the anterior and posteriors pituitary glands and their functions. Explain the hormonal secretion and their functions of the following: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal (cortex and medulla), gonads (testis, ovaries), pancreas (beta and alpha cells), thymus, pineal glands. Describe the functions of hormones secreted by the following internal organs: heart, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestines, colon, and muscles Explain the concept of negative and positive feedback. Describe drugs that affect the endocrine system: thyroid replacement hormones, steroids, insulin. Give examples of nursing diagnosis that apply to issues of the endocrine system.arrow_forward1) Hormone pathologies often manifest with elevated or lower hormones. The underlying cause may differ. What symptoms would be associated with hyperthyroidism? 2) Autoimmune disease in which auto-antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor (TSHR) on the thyroid gland. How would this affect levels of TRH, TSH, and TH? Draw out the H-P-T axis to illustrate changes in each hormone. 3) What symptoms would be associated with hypothyroidism? 4) How could this disease be treated? When the thyroid cells are destroyed, they cannot make hormones anymore and TH replacement needs to be given.arrow_forward
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