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Convection ovens operate on the principle of inducing forced convection inside the oven chamber with a fan. A small cake is to be baked in an oven when the convection feature is disabled. For this situation, the free convection coefficient associated with the cake and its pan is
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Introduction to Heat Transfer
- 2.38 The addition of aluminum fins has been suggested to increase the rate of heat dissipation from one side of an electronic device 1 m wide and 1 m tall. The fins are to be rectangular in cross section, 2.5 cm long and 0.25 cm thick, as shown in the figure. There are to be 100 fins per meter. The convection heat transfer coefficient, both for the wall and the fins, is estimated to be K. With this information determine the percent increase in the rate of heat transfer of the finned wall compared to the bare wall.arrow_forwardProblem: Conduction related Steel balls 10 mm in diameter are annealed by heating to 1,150 K and then slowly cooling to 450 K in an air environment for which T∞ = 325 K + at, where a = 0.1875 K/s and h = 25 W/m2 · K. Assuming the properties of the steel to be k = 40 W/m · K, ρ = 7,800 kg/m3, and c = 600 J/kg · K, estimate the time required for the cooling process. Find an expression for the ball temperature as a function of time T(t), and plot the ball temperature for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 h and ambient temperature.arrow_forwardHeat transferarrow_forward
- 19 mm diameter steel balls are quenched by heating to 989 K followed by slow cooling to 400 K in an environment with air at T∞ = 325 K and h = 39 W/m2.K. Assuming that the steel properties are k = 40 W/m.K, ρ = 7800 kg/m3 and C = 600 J/kg.K, estimate the time (in "minutes") required for the cooling process. Bolas de aço com 19 mm de diâmetro são temperadas pelo aquecimento a 989 K seguido pelo resfriamento lento até 400 K em um ambiente com ar a T∞ = 325 K e h = 39 W/m2.K. Admitindo que as propriedades do aço sejam k = 40 W/m.K, ρ = 7800 kg/m3 e C = 600 J/kg.K, estime o tempo (em "minutos") necessário para o processo de resfriamento.arrow_forwardYou are cooling the door to a large heat-treating oven, which is 3.50 m tall by 1.30 m wide, with a large fan blowing air at 25.0°C over the outside of the door. The convection coefficient associated with this cooling process is h = 57.0 W/(m2-K). The outside surface temperature of the door is 58.0°C. Find the heat transfer rate q, in units of Watts, associated with this cooling process.arrow_forwardSteel cubes 10 mm in width are annealed by heating to 1,377 K and then slowly cooling to 469 K in an air environment for which T∞ = 301 K and h = 24 W/m2-K. Assuming the properties of the steel to be k = 24 W/m · K, ρ = 7,047 kg/m3, and c = 916 J/kg · K, estimate the time required for the cooling process.arrow_forward
- Problem 1 Because you forgot to let the pipes drip during a freezing night, a section of an outdoor pipe is now frozen. The frozen section is L = 1 m long and the inner pipe diameter is D = 1.8 cm. During the day, the pipe is exposed to the cold air, the Sun, and the radiating surroundings. The cold air temperature is T = -10°C, and has convection heat transfer coefficient h= 20 W/m² K. The Sun provides solar irradiance of Gsun = 1350 W/m². The steel pipe surface has absorptivity a = 0.6 and emissivity = 0.1. The surroundings, such as vegetation, houses, ground, etc. can be assumed to be blackbody held at Tsur = 280 K. D G Surroundings, Tur sun Frozen Pipe, T L h, T (a) Using the energy conservation system illustrated below, establish an equation that describes the stored energy in the section of frozen water (Est). (b) Determine the amount of time needed to melt the ice in the pipe. Ice has density p=920 kg/m³, and latent heat of fusion ht=334 kJ/kg. The ice is Tw=0°C. Ignore…arrow_forwardWhat is the temparature at depth 1 cm from the surface at t=2 minutes after the start of the coolıng ?arrow_forwardA spherical pellet (ρ =1000 kg/m3 , c = 1000 J/(kg⋅K)) with a radius ro = 1 cm is cooled from an initial temperature of 200°C by immersion in water bath at 10°C with a convection coefficient h = 100 W/(m2 K). Evaluate the temperature in the center and on the surface of the pellet after 10 s of immersion for two cases: (a) Thermal conductivity of the pellet k = 0.1 W/(m⋅K) (b) Thermal conductivity of the pellet k = 5 W/(m⋅K)arrow_forward
- A long aluminum cylinder with a diameter of 5 cm is initially at a temperature of 200oC and is suddenly exposed to 70oC convection and h = 525W /m2 oC Find the 1.25 cm diameter temperature and the heat loss per unit length 1 minute after the cylinder is subjected to convection. Thermal properties of the material k=215 W/moC a= 8,4x10-5m2/s ρ=2700kg/m3 CP=0.9kJ/kgoCarrow_forward2 A vertical furnace wall is made up of an inner of firebrick 20 cm thick followed by insulating brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1 cm thick. The surface temperature of the wall adjacent to the combustion chamber is 1,200°C while that the outer surface of steel is 50°C. The thermal conductivities of the wall material in W/m-K are: firebrick, 10; insulating brick, 0.26; and steel, 45. Neglecting the film resistances and contact resistance joints, determine the heat loss per sq. m. of wall area.arrow_forwardNumber 4 A food product wants to be produced in a small round shape (pellet) by freezing it in a water blast freezer freezer. Air freezer operates at -25°C. The initial product temperature is 25°C. The pellet has a diameter of 1.2 cm, and a density of 980 kg/m³. The initial freezing temperature is -2.5°C. The latent heat of freezing of the product is 280 kJ/kg. The thermal conductivity of the frozen product is 1.9 W/(m °C). The convective heat transfer coefficient is 40 W/(m² K). Calculate the freeze time. tf = answer in hourarrow_forward
- Principles of Heat Transfer (Activate Learning wi...Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9781305387102Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.Publisher:Cengage Learning
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