Would an antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis have more or less toxic side effects than one that targets the ribosome? Explain this question in detail and easy to understand
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Would an antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis have more or less toxic side effects than one that targets the ribosome? Explain this question in detail and easy to understand
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- Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?Indicate in which category, transcription or translation, each of the following functions belongs: RNA poly-merase, ribosomes, nucleotides, tRNA, pre-mRNA, DNA, anticodon, amino acids.Which of these statements is true? An antibiotic is any substance produced by a organism that is antagonistic to the growth of prokaryotes An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of other viruses An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the growth of eukaryotic cells An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that prevents growth of the same prokaryote.
- Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? a. nucleus b. mitochondrion c. vacuole d. ribosomeA typical prokaryotic cell ________ compared to a eukaryotic cell. a. is smaller in size by a factor of 100 b. is similar in size c. is smaller in size by a factor of one million d. is larger in size by a factor of 10Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a proteinaceous molecule within a cell? protein synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the vesicle synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; tagging in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; tagging in the endoplasmic reticulum
- Put the following structures in order according to the pathway of a secreted protein: a. plasma membrane b. Golgi bodies c. endoplasmic reticulum d. post-Golgi vesiclesDistinguish between the following pairs of terms: a. diffusion; osmosis b. passive transport; active transport c. endocytosis; exocytosisSterile normal saline is used in most surgical procedures as an irrigation solution. During certain surgical procedures, such as those for malignancy, the surgeon may request that sterile water be used for irrigation instead of saline following excision of the cancerous mass. What reaction will occur between the eukaryotic cells of the body and the water?
- Figure 15.16 Many antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. For example, tetracycline blocks the A site on the bacterial ribosome, and chloramphenicol blocks peptidyl transfer. What specific effect would you expect each of these antibiotics to have on protein synthesis? Tetracycline would directly affect: tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chain Chloramphenicol would directly affect tRNA binding to the ribosome ribosome assembly growth of the protein chainUnlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells ________. a. have no plasma membrane b. have RNA but not DNA c. have no nucleus d. a and cExplain why not all microbes are harmful.
