How does the immune system mitigate itself to prevent the onset of autoimmune diseases? How do genetics and epigenetics play a role in the onset of autoimmune disease? What other diseases would occur co-incidently with ankylosing spondylitis, based on the mutation associated with it?
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- What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells differfrom Tc cells, and how do the different subsets of Thcells differ from each other?Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?Why is it necessary for immature T lymphocytes toundergo a two-step selection process through whichantigen-reactive cells are first selected followed bythe elimination of cells that react strongly withself-antigens?
- Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can result in a wide range, and severity, of symptoms. Researchsuggests that some of this variation arises from the genetic variations between humans. Forexample, individuals with mutations in their interferon genes have a more severe response toSARS-CoV-2. Describe two general types of mutations that may occur in DNA, and how thesemutations might affect production of interferon-gamma. (Please note that I am looking for generaltypes of mutations, not specific nucleotide changes.)What is the name given toconditions in which the ownimmune system of theindividual is the agent ofdiseases? What are someexamples of these conditions?What is chronic inflammation and how is it mediated?How is chronic inflammation related to autoimmune diseases? explain at your own words
- Describe an immunodeficiency that a person could have that would cause the immune system to select the incorrect immune response to Mycobacterium leprae.What gene would be mutated and how would this alter the immune response to this pathogen?Adjuvants are substances that slow but do not stop the release of anantigen from an injection site into the blood. Suppose injection A isgiven without an adjuvant and injection B of the same amount ofantigen is given with an adjuvant that causes antigen to be releasedover a period of 2–3 weeks. Does injection A or injection B result inthe greater amount of antibody production? Explain.(74) A rare from of immunologic syndrome is assciated with recurrent skin lesions, eosinophilia, and increased serum concentrations of IgE. In patients with this syndrome , which of the following cytokines is most likely to be increased? (A) Interleukin-1 Beta( Il-1B) (B) Interleukin-2 ( IL-2) (C) Interleukin-4 (IL-4) (D) Interleukin-6 (IL-60 (E) Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
- People infected with SARS-Cov-2(the cornavirus that causes covid-19) can show an array of different symptoms and comlications. One complication occurs in the same patients is the development of blood clots throughout the body. Thevirus can infect endothelial cells. How are endothelia involved with blood clotting? If you were to design a pharmaceutical (medication) taht reduced blood clotting, how might it work? There are many ways to approach this question. Please mention at least one SPECIFIC REACTION in your explanation.Which of the followings is molecular pathology associated with ADA mutations that cause immunodeficiency? a) accumulation of deoxyadenosine and its precursors S-adenosylhomocysteine and deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) with toxic effects on immature lymphocytes, b)accumulation of deoxyguanosine and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, with toxic effects on immature lymphocytesHigh numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs to protect these areasfrom invading microbes, but cannot respond as strongly to the normal microflorawithout causing problems. What are somepossible ways that immune cells coulddistinguish “good” from “bad” bacteria?