The adaptive value is a measure of the evolutionary impacts of a behaviour, i.e. the ultimate function of a behaviour (what purpose it serves) in order to maximize fitness (survival and/or reproduction). Animal behaviour of a horse at a farm: Gentle swishing of tail to ward off insects, and occasional stomping of feet.   Describe the animal’s decision-making process concerning that behaviour.   Questions: • How much time/effort is spent on the focal behaviour relative to other behaviours (time allocated, intensity, etc.)? • Did the behaviour change under certain environmental contexts?   Discuss the adaptive value: • How does the focal behaviour impact fitness of the animal? • What are the costs/benefits of the behaviour under different environmental contexts? • Is the animal’s decision-making optimal with regards to costs/benefits? • Relate back to previous questions   Do a great job at describing how the behaviour impacts the fitness of the animal. Discuss competing factors, such as conspecific/heterospecific animals, meterological conditions etc. Ensure the text is well-written.