In the glycolytic pathway, a six-carbon sugar (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) is cleaved to form two three-carbon sugars, whichundergo further metabolism. In this pathway, an isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate (as shown in thediagram) occurs two steps before the cleavage reaction. The intervening step is phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate tofructose 1,6-bisphosphate.HH|H-C-OHH-C-OHC=0HO-C-HHO-C-HphosphohexoseisomeraseH-C-OHH-C-OHH-C-OHH-C-OHCH₂OPOCH₂OPOGlucose 6-phosphateFructose 6-phosphateWhat does the isomerization step accomplish from a chemical perspective?Isomerization alters the molecular formula of the compound, allowing for subsequent phosphorylation.Isomerization moves the carbonyl group, setting up a cleavage between the central carbons.Isomerization causes the gain of electrons, allowing for the eventual release of NADH.Isomerization reactions cause the direct production of energy in the form of ATP.

Correct Answer:Isomerization moves the carbonyl group, setting up a cleavage between the central…

Answered: In the glycolytic pathway, a six-carbon…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter26: Synthesis And Degradation Of Nucleotides

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10P

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Allosteric Regulation of Ribonucleotide Reductase by ATP and Deoxynucleotides Describe the underlying rationale for the regulatory effects exerted on ribonucleotide reductase by ATP, dATP, dTTP, and dGTP.
If phenylalanine was not an essential amino acid, would diet therapy (the elimination of phenylalanine from the diet) for PKU work?
The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.
a. Compounds A, B, C, and D are known to be intermediates in the pathway for production of protein E. To determine where the block in protein-E production occurred in each individual, the various intermediates were given to each individuals cel Is in culture. After a few weeks of growth with the intermediate, the cells were assayed for the production of protein E. The results for each individuals cells are given in the following table. A plus sign means that protein E was produced after the cells were given the intermediate listed at the top of the column. A minus sign means that the cells still could not produce protein E even after being exposed to the intermediate at the top of the column. Draw the pathway leading to the production of protein E.
b. Compounds A, B, C, and D are known to be intermediates in the pathway for production of protein E. To determine where the block in protein-E production occurred in each individual, the various intermediates were given to each individuals cel Is in culture. After a few weeks of growth with the intermediate, the cells were assayed for the production of protein E. The results for each individuals cells are given in the following table. A plus sign means that protein E was produced after the cells were given the intermediate listed at the top of the column. A minus sign means that the cells still could not produce protein E even after being exposed to the intermediate at the top of the column. Denote the point in the pathway in which each individual is blocked.
The Energy Cost of dTTP Synthesis (Integrates with Chapter 20.) Starting from HCO3, glutamine, aspartate, and ribosc-5-P, how many ATP equivalents are consumed in the synthesis of dTTP in a eukaryotic cell, assuming dihydroorotate oxidation is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation? How does this result compare with the ATP costs of purine nucleotide biosynthesis calculated in problem 2?
Consider the synthesis and degradation of tyrosine as shown in Figures 25.37, 25.38, and 25.48 to determine where the carbon atoms in PEP and erythrose-4-P would end up in acetoacetate and fumarate.
Explain how glucose is metabolized to yield ATP.
Distinguishing the Mechanisms of Class I and Class I Aldolases Fructose bisphosphate aldolase in animal muscle is a class 1 aldolase, which forms a Schiff base intermediate between substrate (for example. fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and a lysine at the active site (see Figure I8.12). The chemical evidence for this intermediate conies from studies with aldolase and the reducing agent sodium borohydride, NaBH4. Incubation of the enzyme with dihydroxyacetone phosphate and NaBH4 inactivates the enzyme. Interestingly, no inactivation is observed if NabH4 is added to the enzyme in the absence of substrate. Write a mechanism that explains these observations and provides evidence for the formation of a Schiff base intermediate in the aldolase reaction.
Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved residues in slightly different positions can change the catalytic rate of reaction.
Understanding the Mechanism of Hemolytic Anemia Genetic defects in glycolytic enzymes can have serious consequences for humans For example, defects in the gene for pyruvate kinase can result in a condition known as hemolytic anemia. Consult a reference to learn about hemolytic anemia, and discuss why such genetic defects lead to this condition.
Energetic of Fructose-1 ,6-bis P Hydrolysis (Integrates with Chapter 3.) The standard free energy change (G) for hydrolysis of fructose-1. 6-bisphosphate (FBP) to fructose-S-phosphate (F-6-P) and P: is -16.7 KJ/mol: FBP + H2O fructose-6-P + Pi The standard free energy change (G) for ATP hydrolysis is -30.5 KJ/mol: ATP + H2O ADP + Pj What is the standard free energy change for the phosphofructokinase reaction: ATP + fructose-6-P ADP + FBP b. What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction? c. Assuming the intracellular concentrations of [ATP] and (ADP] are maintained constant at 4 mM and 1.6 mM, respectively, in a rat liver cell, what will be the ratio of [FBP]/[fructose-6-P] when the phosphofructokinase reaction reaches equilibrium?

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