Explain why homologies are used in constructing phylogenetic trees (2 pts). Give two specific examples of how using analogous characters would result in a tree depicting incorrect evolutionary relationships (4 pts). A
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- Define homology and homoplasy and explain their connection to the concept of parsimony in phylogenetic analysis. Provide an example of each and discuss the challenges they may present when inferring evolutionary relationships.. In a phylogenetic or evolutionary tree, how is relatedness defined, i.e., what is used to determine relatedness?V4
- What is maximum likelihood (ML) in phylogenetics? The probability of the model of sequence evolution given the tree, the sequences, and the branch lengths O The probability of the tree given the sequences, the model of sequence evolution, and the branch lengths O The probability of the branch lengths given the sequences, the tree, and the model of sequence evolution O The probability of the sequences given the tree, the model of sequence evolution, and the branch lengthsCompare phylogenetic trees created using DNA data with phylogenetic trees created using chromosomal banding patterns. Which technique do you think is more valuable and why?Asap
- With two specific examples, explain why phylogenetics is a useful scientific tool for studying Organismal biology?Discuss how the principle of parsimony can be used in a cladistics approach to constructing a phylogenetic tree.Draw a simple phylogenetic tree for two sisters clades with a common ancestor. Each sister clade consists of two taxa. Define the following terms and use to label your diagram: clade, node, branch, common ancestor, and taxon.
- Discuss the problems in developing an accurate phylogenetic tree. Do you think it is possible to create a completely accurate universal phylogenetic tree? Explain your answer.Phylogenetic trees are a type of model that can be used to show how organisms are related through common ancestry. The phylogenetic tree model represents nodes numbered 1 through 8. Using evidence from the phylogenetic tree determine which species would be MOST closely related to the species on branch C? Question options: The species on Branch A is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most recent common ancestor at node 1. The species on Branch B is most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the greatest number of common +ancestors. The species on Branch A & B are both most closely related to the species on branch C because they share the most most recent common ancestor at node 2. The species on Branches F, G, H, and I are all equally related to the species on branch C because they all split from a common ancestor at the same time which is illustrated by having nodes 2 and 7 at the…Phylogenetic trees are used to show the evolutionary relationships among various biological species and are usually based upon shared derived characters. In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is useful to first draw up a character table to show the presence or absence of characters among the various groups of organisms being studied. a. Draw up a character table based upon the following shared derived characters of land plants: flowers, seeds, vascular tissues, and dependent embryos. Your character table must include the names/descriptions of the plant groups that are being characterized. b. Construct a phylogenetic tree based on this data.