3. A population has a nucleotide diversity (p) of 0.08 and a neutral mutation rate of 5' 10" per generation. a) Given this information, what is the effective population size (N)? Would you expect the actual population size (N) to be larger or smaller than this number? Explain and show your work. ( Answer: b) Describe a strategy for estimating N¸ in an endangered mammal, in which capturing individuals is difficult. Then explain why estimating N. could be useful to conservation biologists Answer:

1a. Describe three types of genetic variants and briefly describe the mechanisms that generate them in the genome .   b. Describe how genetic variation in Sub-Saharan African populations is related to genetic variation in populations outside Africa. What are the population genetic effects and historical events that created these genetic variation patterns?   c. Is it possible to distinguish a population bottleneck from a selective sweep? Explain your answer briefly.   d. What is the relationship between selection and variant pathogenicity?   e. Describe a plausible biological reason for observing perfect LD in a sample of individuals from a population

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5) This chart shows the fur colors of a population of rabbits in the Great Smoky Mountains. A mutation introduces an allele for white fur. Based on the data, what do you predict will happen in the next 20 years? Select ALL that apply. Not Graded A) Those with white fur will slowly increase over the next 20 years.     B) Those with mottled fur and brown fur will continue to exist in the population.     C) Those with white fur will continue to decrease or even die out of the population.     D) Mottled fur is the dominant trait so it will continue to increase in the population.     E) Unless the environment changes, those with mottled fur will continue to increase in number.

6. Interpreting Data The figure below shows the frequency of foot phenotypes in a population of blue-footed boobies. What is the frequency of the w allele in this population? a) 0.2 b) 0.4 Phenotypes c) 0.5 Genotypes ww Ww ww d) 0.6 Number of animals (total = 500) 320 160 20 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7. Interpreting Data The figure below shows the frequency of foot phenotypes in a population of blue-footed boobies. What is the expected frequency of the WW genotype in this population assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? (Hint: The frequency of W is 0.5 and the frequency of w is 0.5.) a) 0.20 Phenotypes b) 0.25 c) 0.40 Genotypes ww Ww w d) 0.50 Number of animals (total = 500) 320 160 20 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8. Interpreting Data The figure below shows the frequency of foot phenotypes in a population of blue-footed boobies. Is this population in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? а) yes b) no Phenotypes Genotypes Ww ww Number of animals 320 160 20 (total =…

7. Select the statement that apply to the bottleneck effect: 5 correct answers

1). The p-value for this test is . 072. Do we reject the null hypothesis?2). Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a statistically significant difference in mean weight between the different NYHA groups?3). Pretend for a moment that the resulting p-value was 0.02. Do we reject the null hypothesis in this case? Why or why not? If we were to reject the null hypothesis, we would conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest a statistically significant difference in mean weight between the NYHA groups. The NYHA variable has four levels: would we know which of the four NYHA group means gave the statistically significant result?

a. Population - Parent Generation i) What is the blue phenotype frequency? ii) What is the Aa genotype frequency? iii) What is the A allele frequency? b. Population 2 - Offspring of parent generation above i) What is the blue phenotype frequency? ii) What is the Aa genotype frequency? iii) What is the A allele frequency? c. Is this population evolving? Please explain why or why not. AA AA Aa AA AA Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa Aa aa aa aa aa Aa Aa

This is a relevant multiple choice that I do not know how to begin with.

A founder population of interesting creatures is established, and the average probability of identity by descent is calculated for each subsequent generation as follows: Generation  F 1 0.05 2 0.0975 3 0.142625 4 0.2283625 a) What are the effective population sizes Ne for each Generation 1 through 4, relative to Generation 0 (the founder population)?  b) What is the effective population size of Generation 4 relative to Generation 3?  c) Is there any evidence for changes in population size after the founder event, and if so, at which generation did the size change in the number of breeding individuals occur?