b. The coding sequence begins with AUG. What does AUG signify in terms of translation? The Standard Genetic Code When RNA polymerase initially transcribes the insulin gene into messenger RNA, two introns - totaling 966 additional nucleotides - are included in the precursor form of the insulin mRNA. These intron sequences are removed from the mRNA in a splicing reaction as the mRNA is being transported out of the nucleus of the cell. You might want to discuss why almost all eukaryotic genes contain introns. 3' 3'- Val 35 (V) Ala (A) G Arg (R) A Ser (S) Lys (K) Asp (D) Glu 0 이 Phe (F) Leu (L) Ser (S) CODOCCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUC C G A C G A S%vcS\¢ Asn (N) G Thr E A GU C GU AC CUG ACUGACUGAC Met (M) Q A A G Tyr 35 UTO. U G (Y) Cys (C) U C A G Trp (W) 3' U C A G 30 Leu (L) C U Pro ခြာ UG Gln lle Arg (Q) (R) 09 His (H) Start Stop Figure 9: The codon sun shows the coding amino acid for each codon. Working from the inside outward, the first, second and third nucleotides indicate the cognate amino acid of the sequence or stop. Translating mRNA into Protein 11 To translate mRNA into protein, the ribosome recognizes an AUG codon - and begins decoding the mRNA as it moves from left to right (5' to 3') down the mRNA sequence. As a result, all proteins begin with the amino acid methionine (Met, M) at their N-terminal end. In humans and other eukaryotes the ribosome begins synthesizing proteins at the first AUG codon from the 5′ end of the mRNA. Protein Synthesis of Insulin Protein tRNA First Amino Acid (methionine) CCUUCUGCCAGGCCCUGUGG Start Codon 5' End CCUUCUGCC 5' End mRNA Ribosome Ribosome Continues to Translate mRNA into Protein Growing Protein Chain eno na GGCCCU mRNA Ribosome UGGGG 3' End CCUCUGGGG + 3' End Translation Reading Frames 2. Using the codon sun. Translate the first 60 nucleotides in the insulin sequence given above. 1 ATGGCCCTGTGGATGCGCCTCCTGCCCCTGCTGGCGCTGCTGGCCCTCTGGGGACCTGAC 1 ATGGCCCTGTGGATGCGCCTCCTGCCCCTGCTGGCGCTGCTGGCCCTCTGGGGACCTGAC 1 20 60 60 Protein processing To make the final protein the polypeptide (chain of amino acids) needs to be processed and folded into the correct shape. During processing, some of the polypeptide is removed because it served as a 'shipping label' telling the cell where to send the polypeptide. For example, insulin is sent to the endoplasmic reticulum to be processed. Once the sequence of amino acids is finalized, the polypeptide now has the correct primary structure. The protein then folds into alpha helixes and beta sheets, which form the secondary structure. The final protein will also have a tertiary structure, which includes stabilizing bonds like disulfide bridges. 3. Using the print out from PDB-101, follow the instructions to fold the insulin. You must include a picture of your final product and your face. 4. Answer the following questions: a. What type of bonds hold the secondary structure, alpha helix and beta sheet, together. b. What is a disulfide bridge? Looking at your paper model how did it affect the structure?

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Michael Cummings
Chapter9: Gene Expression And Gene Regulation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 18QP: The following is a portion of a protein: met-trp-tyr-arg-gly-pro-thr-Various mutant forms of this...
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b. The coding sequence begins with AUG. What does AUG signify in terms of translation?
The Standard Genetic Code
When RNA polymerase initially transcribes the insulin gene into messenger RNA, two introns - totaling
966 additional nucleotides - are included in the precursor form of the insulin mRNA. These intron
sequences are removed from the mRNA in a splicing reaction as the mRNA is being transported out of
the nucleus of the cell. You might want to discuss why almost all eukaryotic genes contain introns.
3'
3'-
Val
35
(V)
Ala
(A)
G
Arg (R) A
Ser (S)
Lys (K)
Asp
(D)
Glu
0
이
Phe
(F)
Leu
(L) Ser
(S)
CODOCCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUC
C
G
A
C
G
A
S%vcS\¢
Asn
(N)
G
Thr
E
A
GU
C
GU
AC
CUG
ACUGACUGAC
Met (M) Q
A
A
G
Tyr
35
UTO.
U
G
(Y)
Cys (C)
U
C
A
G
Trp (W)
3'
U
C
A
G
30
Leu
(L)
C
U
Pro
ခြာ
UG
Gln
lle
Arg
(Q)
(R)
09
His
(H)
Start
Stop
Figure 9: The codon sun shows the coding amino acid for each codon. Working from the inside outward,
the first, second and third nucleotides indicate the cognate amino acid of the sequence or stop.
Translating mRNA into Protein
11
Transcribed Image Text:b. The coding sequence begins with AUG. What does AUG signify in terms of translation? The Standard Genetic Code When RNA polymerase initially transcribes the insulin gene into messenger RNA, two introns - totaling 966 additional nucleotides - are included in the precursor form of the insulin mRNA. These intron sequences are removed from the mRNA in a splicing reaction as the mRNA is being transported out of the nucleus of the cell. You might want to discuss why almost all eukaryotic genes contain introns. 3' 3'- Val 35 (V) Ala (A) G Arg (R) A Ser (S) Lys (K) Asp (D) Glu 0 이 Phe (F) Leu (L) Ser (S) CODOCCAGUCAGUCAGUCAGUC C G A C G A S%vcS\¢ Asn (N) G Thr E A GU C GU AC CUG ACUGACUGAC Met (M) Q A A G Tyr 35 UTO. U G (Y) Cys (C) U C A G Trp (W) 3' U C A G 30 Leu (L) C U Pro ခြာ UG Gln lle Arg (Q) (R) 09 His (H) Start Stop Figure 9: The codon sun shows the coding amino acid for each codon. Working from the inside outward, the first, second and third nucleotides indicate the cognate amino acid of the sequence or stop. Translating mRNA into Protein 11
To translate mRNA into protein, the ribosome recognizes an AUG codon - and begins decoding the
mRNA as it moves from left to right (5' to 3') down the mRNA sequence. As a result, all proteins begin
with the amino acid methionine (Met, M) at their N-terminal end. In humans and other eukaryotes the
ribosome begins synthesizing proteins at the first AUG codon from the 5′ end of the mRNA.
Protein Synthesis of Insulin Protein
tRNA
First Amino Acid
(methionine)
CCUUCUGCCAGGCCCUGUGG
Start Codon
5' End
CCUUCUGCC
5' End
mRNA
Ribosome
Ribosome Continues to
Translate mRNA into Protein
Growing
Protein Chain
eno na
GGCCCU
mRNA
Ribosome
UGGGG
3' End
CCUCUGGGG
+
3' End
Translation Reading Frames
2. Using the codon sun. Translate the first 60 nucleotides in the insulin sequence given above.
1 ATGGCCCTGTGGATGCGCCTCCTGCCCCTGCTGGCGCTGCTGGCCCTCTGGGGACCTGAC
1 ATGGCCCTGTGGATGCGCCTCCTGCCCCTGCTGGCGCTGCTGGCCCTCTGGGGACCTGAC
1
20
60
60
Protein processing
To make the final protein the polypeptide (chain of amino acids) needs to be processed and folded into
the correct shape. During processing, some of the polypeptide is removed because it served as a
'shipping label' telling the cell where to send the polypeptide. For example, insulin is sent to the
endoplasmic reticulum to be processed. Once the sequence of amino acids is finalized, the polypeptide
now has the correct primary structure. The protein then folds into alpha helixes and beta sheets, which
form the secondary structure. The final protein will also have a tertiary structure, which includes
stabilizing bonds like disulfide bridges.
3. Using the print out from PDB-101, follow the instructions to fold the insulin. You must include a picture
of your final product and your face.
4. Answer the following questions:
a. What type of bonds hold the secondary structure, alpha helix and beta sheet, together.
b. What is a disulfide bridge? Looking at your paper model how did it affect the structure?
Transcribed Image Text:To translate mRNA into protein, the ribosome recognizes an AUG codon - and begins decoding the mRNA as it moves from left to right (5' to 3') down the mRNA sequence. As a result, all proteins begin with the amino acid methionine (Met, M) at their N-terminal end. In humans and other eukaryotes the ribosome begins synthesizing proteins at the first AUG codon from the 5′ end of the mRNA. Protein Synthesis of Insulin Protein tRNA First Amino Acid (methionine) CCUUCUGCCAGGCCCUGUGG Start Codon 5' End CCUUCUGCC 5' End mRNA Ribosome Ribosome Continues to Translate mRNA into Protein Growing Protein Chain eno na GGCCCU mRNA Ribosome UGGGG 3' End CCUCUGGGG + 3' End Translation Reading Frames 2. Using the codon sun. Translate the first 60 nucleotides in the insulin sequence given above. 1 ATGGCCCTGTGGATGCGCCTCCTGCCCCTGCTGGCGCTGCTGGCCCTCTGGGGACCTGAC 1 ATGGCCCTGTGGATGCGCCTCCTGCCCCTGCTGGCGCTGCTGGCCCTCTGGGGACCTGAC 1 20 60 60 Protein processing To make the final protein the polypeptide (chain of amino acids) needs to be processed and folded into the correct shape. During processing, some of the polypeptide is removed because it served as a 'shipping label' telling the cell where to send the polypeptide. For example, insulin is sent to the endoplasmic reticulum to be processed. Once the sequence of amino acids is finalized, the polypeptide now has the correct primary structure. The protein then folds into alpha helixes and beta sheets, which form the secondary structure. The final protein will also have a tertiary structure, which includes stabilizing bonds like disulfide bridges. 3. Using the print out from PDB-101, follow the instructions to fold the insulin. You must include a picture of your final product and your face. 4. Answer the following questions: a. What type of bonds hold the secondary structure, alpha helix and beta sheet, together. b. What is a disulfide bridge? Looking at your paper model how did it affect the structure?
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