Different cell types in the human body can respond in completely different ways to the same signalling molecules. What is the mechanism that allows this differential behaviour? Please keep brief - 3 sentences/dot points max.
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- Briefly describe the effects of positive and negative feedback loops on signalling pathway responses. How do the two loops functionally differ when pathway input stimulus shifts from present to absent? Please keep brief - 4 sentences/dot points max.give the basics of a disease and its relationship to a faulty signal transduction pathway. Describe some of these diseases in the table below:Below are schematics of two cell signalling pathways. Based on these diagrams, which of the following statements are likely true? Choose only the best answer. Cell 1 Receptor 1 ✓ Adenylyl cyclase V CAMP V Protein kinase A ✓ Protein kinase V Response 1 Receptor 2 ✓ Protein kinase V Protein kinase V Response 2 Cell 2 Only Cell 1 contains a relay molecule. The receptor of Cell 1 must be a receptor tyrosine kinase. All of the other statements are likely true. There is likely greater amplification of the signal in Cell 1. Receptor 3 Protein kinase
- Please give the answers onlyPut the steps of the process of signal transduction in the order they occur (hint - try to decide which signaling pathway this is before working on the order): 1. A conformational change in the signal-receptor complex activates an enzyme. 2. Protein kinases are activated. 3. A signal molecule binds to a receptor. 4. Target proteins are phosphorylated. 5. Second messenger molecules are released. O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 O 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 O 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 I#2 #3 Which layer is involved in the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of various intracellular signaling molecules like Src and PKC? output layer O input layer signal processing layer The interactions of the ErbB signal pathway with other pathways is termed crosstalk amplification GPCR O independent signaling Which EGF receptor lacks a cytoplasmic activation domain? ErbB 4 O ErbB 2 O ErbB 1 ErbB 3
- Please choose one of these choices.Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell signalling? Provide one concrete example of an application of an elucidated cascade of events in cell signalling. (The answer should be no less than 300 words)E: Using either GPCRs (G-protein couples receptors) or RTKs (Receptor tyrosine kinases), describe: 1. How ligand binding activates the receptor. Ex: which proteins are involved? what changes can occur to the receptor after binding the ligand? 2. A signal transduction pathway that occurs due to the ligand binding (must include a secondary messenger). 3. Any cellular response due to the ligand binding. 4. A way that the signal pathway is regulated.
- 三。 Normal No Spacing Heading 1 Heading 2 Title Subtitle a) Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of each of the four common classes of receptor (e.g. kinase-linked receptors etc.) and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Your diagram should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. b) For each of the examples describe the mechanism of action in the form below..Cross talk is Question 24 options: when one signal pathway influences another when one signal pathway induces two different responses when one pathway permanently hold certain signaling pathways in place. none of theseIn 5-7 sentences. Provide a narrative overview of the function of the receptor including: The extracellular signal that acts as the ligand for the receptor The physiological response that is induced The benefits of this pathway to the cell/organism