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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR decreased, and the ratio of autophagy-specific protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3)II/I was higher in the inhibitor-treated injury group than in the simple-injury group. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis, and apoptosis was significantly reduced after the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In summary, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is involved in the apoptosis of neurons after mechanical injury and can induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.

 

 

 

roliteraton marker +indorne M Protectingl normai tunase ve Dn4 intraceriular a Z llulan in micew decreased PUY exp. the VEGF-A reaching celis Situared in vascular Staik cells mediated via VEGFR2 this is stimulates airect migration of tip cens their proliferation througn same receptor So, we nypothesizeq that Teading to thus activarion ot the bi14 notch 1 signaling parhway in mouse rering extracellular VEGF-A gra dients guide the filopodia as activarion of VEGFR2 is interpreted differentiy acrivarion by tip and stalk cells I ot results in VEGF-A Jagged i notch signaling Pafhway in mice retina the regulation of ade quate tip cell formation in response to nighlighting tip cells on retinal váscuiar sprours extend long filopodig the crucial imporrance of a balance bemeen tip and staik cell responses to VEGF-A through in order for Proper control ot vessel sproutning and branching to occur this was tested through Observanon oF NOTCH nduchon in TNRI mouse injeaed shows that Prior research and an accurate balance between miğration of tip cell + proliferarion ot fraik celus is oniy achieved when the correct relarionship berween VE6P-A gradient and concentrarion occurs with with we know that Scrambled PEPHde Jagi Mnscrambled jagi how are tip cells regularea auring sproutihg angiogenesis? (SCJag 1) OxPosed to inhibition 1astly it occurs as a consequence of these combined controll mechanisms Ohr trearment then of mouse eves fxed disectea, and stainea using of Dl4 notchi signaling pathway in mice retina endothelial SPecitic gene deletion ot Notch 1 bY using gamma secretase inhibitors transgenic Notch reporter mouse carries a cBE-I resPonse with a minimal sv40 Promoter enhanced with GFP sequence GFP-Notch-rePorter| meaning ISolecrih B4 control mice were injected with venicié ! then and PPlied wl a dye any cells that have Notch signaling achvared wil turn green - no die or an tibody neCess ary GFP while wild Hpe mice - experimental mice, injecred wl GSI treatment generic inactivaion OF an alleie trom endothelial NOtch ilgand DIL4 wai observed at the tront. was vascular and non observed. In addition, accum ila Hon obs ervea in arreriDies then by I next mice eves were Hxed during various time points in their first week ot lite at 3,b48, or 46 hours an antibody was used to demonstrate in vivo against NIGD then wild type mice and less of funchion mice nav diseded intragastric injection Of Tamokifen inro... qualitications rérformed ar high resolunon and magnificarion 아 1 ve Over then control mice that have fixed DAPT was adminisrered to show the speciticİH of Notch 1 ICD + after N1-ILD was (ocared in EC at sites exposed to IcHon then and Norch mice whe n áve Notch 1 sequMence then Itheir rerinal CUP is harvested while then stained iqser scanning microscope auows us to see imáges they show lac z staining VEGE -A Qll ether mice eyes were disecred ánd stainea Isolecthin 84 irdu labeling mice eyes at 6 hrs were disecrea and Stored in RNA larer then which stains Pagfb MRN A and alows us to Identi tip celus which using Irolectin B4 Brdu labeling GFAP Stainihg showed normal ASTOCNTE hetwor ks in GSI treared and DII4 t/- mice a wrde spread of green cells these I suggesring applicaion oF jag was able +o activate Notch signaling where there grent any are used in Conjunction to distinguish tip and staik cells llows us to disfinguish arteries + veins in green ISOlectin 84 I in order to Run a PGR assat to measure leveis of pdfg-b Lastly in situ hybridization showed refihal paterns of VEGF-A PXpression was normal atter 6 hr of 651 trearment, but shifted to den ser regions after long term BAPT in DI14 +/- hormaily +his leads to a decrease in vascular density endomucin is a and ordu is a thymidine that servei as and which is MEmbrane bOund 91YCOProtein already LO cated in the iumen Of thus a 9INCOprotein from a plaht that bihds to x- d- galactase residues on the surtace ot EG which can be derected through labeting probes or antibodles that stick to targets and allows us to identifH achvely Proliferating cells more Lacz expression :+ Rotch tunction while cells over achve Notch signallng inhibits sprouhng and vascuiar deve lopment oV crall the cell thus can be used as a marker when iabeled with staining s0. when the Epecimen is died the O charged m olecules in A6 will anach to O chareed endo mucin less Lacz expression E normal funcrion Short term eftects of 6slr on tip cell tormarion at the Plexus margin are unlikeiy to be caused vi changes in VEGEA. that is APPlied atter disecrion wl a dre + thus qualitications rértormed at high resolunon and magnificaion short term trearment of DAPT didnt lead to S1gniticant changes in express lons of MRNA in reina then IE rinsed and incubated in nuciear tast red and Finsed again tor tihal product imaging qualitications rérformea at high resoluion and magniticarion 1gser scanning microscope quows us t0 see images so, DI14 notch signaling resricts tip cell formarion creating an adequare ratio berwepn tip and staik cell for APPropvlare prouing and bránching we can conclude iastly while these images and graphs fhow an oveęrall increase in A end othelial cells vascular length, diamerer, density, tip cells, branch morphological and 3" gené expPvession cnanges due to Notch innibitóry 6SIs Increase tip cell humbers 1eading to excessive vascular develo pment * in tip celI expression in DU4 +/- mice with an t in tilopodiai protrusions, vessel branching, pagfb expre ssion and * tip cells in Laczt iqser scanning microscope quows us to see images thus Points, filopodia, erdu pesitive tip cells, and pagt-b positive véssel areg and pagt-b MRNA our nyporhesis was supported next new vesearch can focus on observing tne response ot retinal angjogenésis in bilu +it and -/t miće with thus decreasing Notch 1 signaling increasei vasculature development while decreasing staik ceus VEGE LEVEIS
Transcribed Image Text:roliteraton marker +indorne M Protectingl normai tunase ve Dn4 intraceriular a Z llulan in micew decreased PUY exp. the VEGF-A reaching celis Situared in vascular Staik cells mediated via VEGFR2 this is stimulates airect migration of tip cens their proliferation througn same receptor So, we nypothesizeq that Teading to thus activarion ot the bi14 notch 1 signaling parhway in mouse rering extracellular VEGF-A gra dients guide the filopodia as activarion of VEGFR2 is interpreted differentiy acrivarion by tip and stalk cells I ot results in VEGF-A Jagged i notch signaling Pafhway in mice retina the regulation of ade quate tip cell formation in response to nighlighting tip cells on retinal váscuiar sprours extend long filopodig the crucial imporrance of a balance bemeen tip and staik cell responses to VEGF-A through in order for Proper control ot vessel sproutning and branching to occur this was tested through Observanon oF NOTCH nduchon in TNRI mouse injeaed shows that Prior research and an accurate balance between miğration of tip cell + proliferarion ot fraik celus is oniy achieved when the correct relarionship berween VE6P-A gradient and concentrarion occurs with with we know that Scrambled PEPHde Jagi Mnscrambled jagi how are tip cells regularea auring sproutihg angiogenesis? (SCJag 1) OxPosed to inhibition 1astly it occurs as a consequence of these combined controll mechanisms Ohr trearment then of mouse eves fxed disectea, and stainea using of Dl4 notchi signaling pathway in mice retina endothelial SPecitic gene deletion ot Notch 1 bY using gamma secretase inhibitors transgenic Notch reporter mouse carries a cBE-I resPonse with a minimal sv40 Promoter enhanced with GFP sequence GFP-Notch-rePorter| meaning ISolecrih B4 control mice were injected with venicié ! then and PPlied wl a dye any cells that have Notch signaling achvared wil turn green - no die or an tibody neCess ary GFP while wild Hpe mice - experimental mice, injecred wl GSI treatment generic inactivaion OF an alleie trom endothelial NOtch ilgand DIL4 wai observed at the tront. was vascular and non observed. In addition, accum ila Hon obs ervea in arreriDies then by I next mice eves were Hxed during various time points in their first week ot lite at 3,b48, or 46 hours an antibody was used to demonstrate in vivo against NIGD then wild type mice and less of funchion mice nav diseded intragastric injection Of Tamokifen inro... qualitications rérformed ar high resolunon and magnificarion 아 1 ve Over then control mice that have fixed DAPT was adminisrered to show the speciticİH of Notch 1 ICD + after N1-ILD was (ocared in EC at sites exposed to IcHon then and Norch mice whe n áve Notch 1 sequMence then Itheir rerinal CUP is harvested while then stained iqser scanning microscope auows us to see imáges they show lac z staining VEGE -A Qll ether mice eyes were disecred ánd stainea Isolecthin 84 irdu labeling mice eyes at 6 hrs were disecrea and Stored in RNA larer then which stains Pagfb MRN A and alows us to Identi tip celus which using Irolectin B4 Brdu labeling GFAP Stainihg showed normal ASTOCNTE hetwor ks in GSI treared and DII4 t/- mice a wrde spread of green cells these I suggesring applicaion oF jag was able +o activate Notch signaling where there grent any are used in Conjunction to distinguish tip and staik cells llows us to disfinguish arteries + veins in green ISOlectin 84 I in order to Run a PGR assat to measure leveis of pdfg-b Lastly in situ hybridization showed refihal paterns of VEGF-A PXpression was normal atter 6 hr of 651 trearment, but shifted to den ser regions after long term BAPT in DI14 +/- hormaily +his leads to a decrease in vascular density endomucin is a and ordu is a thymidine that servei as and which is MEmbrane bOund 91YCOProtein already LO cated in the iumen Of thus a 9INCOprotein from a plaht that bihds to x- d- galactase residues on the surtace ot EG which can be derected through labeting probes or antibodles that stick to targets and allows us to identifH achvely Proliferating cells more Lacz expression :+ Rotch tunction while cells over achve Notch signallng inhibits sprouhng and vascuiar deve lopment oV crall the cell thus can be used as a marker when iabeled with staining s0. when the Epecimen is died the O charged m olecules in A6 will anach to O chareed endo mucin less Lacz expression E normal funcrion Short term eftects of 6slr on tip cell tormarion at the Plexus margin are unlikeiy to be caused vi changes in VEGEA. that is APPlied atter disecrion wl a dre + thus qualitications rértormed at high resolunon and magnificaion short term trearment of DAPT didnt lead to S1gniticant changes in express lons of MRNA in reina then IE rinsed and incubated in nuciear tast red and Finsed again tor tihal product imaging qualitications rérformea at high resoluion and magniticarion 1gser scanning microscope quows us t0 see images so, DI14 notch signaling resricts tip cell formarion creating an adequare ratio berwepn tip and staik cell for APPropvlare prouing and bránching we can conclude iastly while these images and graphs fhow an oveęrall increase in A end othelial cells vascular length, diamerer, density, tip cells, branch morphological and 3" gené expPvession cnanges due to Notch innibitóry 6SIs Increase tip cell humbers 1eading to excessive vascular develo pment * in tip celI expression in DU4 +/- mice with an t in tilopodiai protrusions, vessel branching, pagfb expre ssion and * tip cells in Laczt iqser scanning microscope quows us to see images thus Points, filopodia, erdu pesitive tip cells, and pagt-b positive véssel areg and pagt-b MRNA our nyporhesis was supported next new vesearch can focus on observing tne response ot retinal angjogenésis in bilu +it and -/t miće with thus decreasing Notch 1 signaling increasei vasculature development while decreasing staik ceus VEGE LEVEIS
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