Multiple steps in signaling pathways allow for signal amplification. Each step can be magnified (a) Signaling pathway RECEPTION Binding of epinephrine to G protein-linked receptor TRANSDUCTION Inactive G protein Inactive adenylyl cyclase RESPONSE Active G protein 3012 Bearson Education Active adenylyl cyclase ATP Cyclic AMP Inactive protein kinase A Active protein kinase A Inactive phosphorylase kinase Active phosphorylase kinase Inactive glycogen phosphorylase (b) Number of molecules activated Glycogen 1 molecule 10² molecules 10² molecules 104 molecules 104 molecules 105 molecules Active glycogen phosphorylase 106 molecules Glucose-1-phosphate 108 molecules 3

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
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Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
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Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Explain what is meant by ‘Multiple steps in signaling pathways allow for signal amplification.’

Figure 14-3 Labeled
Multiple steps in signaling pathways allow for
signal amplification. Each step can be magnified
(a) Signaling pathway
RECEPTION
Binding of epinephrine to G protein-linked receptor
TRANSDUCTION
Inactive G protein
Inactive adenylyl cyclase
RESPONSE
Active G protein
Active adenylyl cyclase
ATP
©2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cyclic AMP
Inactive protein kinase A
Active protein kinase A
Inactive phosphorylase kinase
Active phosphorylase kinase
Inactive glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen
(b) Number of
molecules
activated
Glucose-1-phosphate
1 molecule
10² molecules
10² molecules
104 molecules
104 molecules
Active glycogen phosphorylase 106 molecules
105 molecules
108 molecules
35
Transcribed Image Text:Figure 14-3 Labeled Multiple steps in signaling pathways allow for signal amplification. Each step can be magnified (a) Signaling pathway RECEPTION Binding of epinephrine to G protein-linked receptor TRANSDUCTION Inactive G protein Inactive adenylyl cyclase RESPONSE Active G protein Active adenylyl cyclase ATP ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cyclic AMP Inactive protein kinase A Active protein kinase A Inactive phosphorylase kinase Active phosphorylase kinase Inactive glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen (b) Number of molecules activated Glucose-1-phosphate 1 molecule 10² molecules 10² molecules 104 molecules 104 molecules Active glycogen phosphorylase 106 molecules 105 molecules 108 molecules 35
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