I did this pathway, but it is not completed. Still need to add G-protein moving along membrane, indicate amplifier enzyme and second messengers, etc.
I did this pathway, but it is not completed. Still need to add G-protein moving along membrane, indicate amplifier enzyme and second messengers, etc.
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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I did this pathway, but it is not completed. Still need to add G-protein moving along membrane, indicate amplifier enzyme and second messengers, etc.
Transcribed Image Text:7. G-Protein Coupled Receptor, cyclic AMP (CAMP)
Trace the signaling pathway in a cardiac muscle cell using the information below:
When the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated, effects on the heart include an increase in heart
rate as well as an increase in the strength of contraction. This allows tissues to exchange oxygen and
carbon dioxide more quickly and efficiently to sustain increased muscle activity. Norepinephrine and
epinephrine are two neurotransmitters of the SNS that bind with beta-1 adrenergic receptors cardiac muscle
cells. These receptors are G-protein coupled receptors. Once activated, the G Protein activates the 2nd
messenger cyclic AMP (CAMP). The cellular response is an increase in permeability of the cell to calcium
jons (Ca2+). An increase in intracellular Ca²+ causes an increase in frequency of cardiac muscle cell
contractions as well as force of the contractions.
SNS
Norepinephrine
(Neurotransmitter)
Epinephine
(Neurotransmitter)
bind rece plers
beta-I adrenergic
(G- protein coupled receptor get activated)
CAMP Ccyelie AMP)
Increase permeability of the cell to
Ca2+
Invease in frequency
of car diac muscle
cell Contractro
Incease force of
Contraction
Expert Solution
Step 1
The epinephrine and norepinephrine are responsible for increase heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac muscle contraction.
Actually the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for the release of those neurotransmitters from the nerve endings that are responsible for the activation of signal transduction pathway.
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