Mammalian Toll-like receptors are activated by many different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. As a family, TLRs can recognize PAMPs associated with a broad array of different pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Patients with a specific susceptibility to herpesvirus infections have a defect in their ability to respond to viral nucleic acids using TLR-3, TLR-7, or TLR-9, even though these proteins are expressed in the patients’ cells. Analysis of the TLRs in macrophages and dendritic cells from these patients would likely show which of the arrangements in Figure below? **Diagram Explanation: Endocytosis Process**This diagram illustrates the process of endocytosis, showcasing the stages of vesicle formation and internalization of molecules. **Figure Breakdown:****a. Initial Binding:**- Molecules, represented by colored shapes (red, orange, yellow, green, and blue), initially bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.- The endosome, an internal compartment, is shown in proximity to the plasma membrane where binding occurs.**b. Invagination:**- The plasma membrane begins to invaginate, forming a pocket around the bound molecules.- The endosome remains in close proximity as the invagination deepens.**c. Formation and Pinching Off:**- The invagination process continues, and the molecules are now enclosed within the forming vesicle.- The edges of the plasma membrane approach each other as the vesicle prepares to pinch off.**d. Full Vesicle Formation:**- The vesicle is fully formed and is about to separate from the plasma membrane.- The endosome is clearly visible, indicating the direction the vesicle will travel post-separation.**e. Internalized Vesicle:**- The vesicle has pinched off from the plasma membrane and is now internalized within the cell.- The colored molecules remain encapsulated within the vesicle, present in the vicinity of the endosome.This diagram helps visualize the step-by-step process of how cells internalize extracellular molecules through endocytosis, transporting them from the plasma membrane to internal compartments such as endosomes.

TLR TLR or toll like receptors are present on the surface of plasma membrane or on the membrane of…

Answered: Analysis of the TLRs in macrophages and…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Mammalian Toll-like receptors are activated by many different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. As a family, TLRs can recognize PAMPs associated with a broad array of different pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Patients with a specific susceptibility to herpesvirus infections have a defect in their ability to respond to viral nucleic acids using TLR-3, TLR-7, or TLR-9, even though these proteins are expressed in the patients’ cells. Analysis of the TLRs in macrophages and dendritic cells from these patients would likely show which of the arrangements in Figure below?

**Diagram Explanation: Endocytosis Process**

This diagram illustrates the process of endocytosis, showcasing the stages of vesicle formation and internalization of molecules.

**Figure Breakdown:**

**a. Initial Binding:**
- Molecules, represented by colored shapes (red, orange, yellow, green, and blue), initially bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.
- The endosome, an internal compartment, is shown in proximity to the plasma membrane where binding occurs.

**b. Invagination:**
- The plasma membrane begins to invaginate, forming a pocket around the bound molecules.
- The endosome remains in close proximity as the invagination deepens.

**c. Formation and Pinching Off:**
- The invagination process continues, and the molecules are now enclosed within the forming vesicle.
- The edges of the plasma membrane approach each other as the vesicle prepares to pinch off.

**d. Full Vesicle Formation:**
- The vesicle is fully formed and is about to separate from the plasma membrane.
- The endosome is clearly visible, indicating the direction the vesicle will travel post-separation.

**e. Internalized Vesicle:**
- The vesicle has pinched off from the plasma membrane and is now internalized within the cell.
- The colored molecules remain encapsulated within the vesicle, present in the vicinity of the endosome.

This diagram helps visualize the step-by-step process of how cells internalize extracellular molecules through endocytosis, transporting them from the plasma membrane to internal compartments such as endosomes.

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