Why is it significant that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on both the plasma membrane and internal cell membranes?

Q: Why does the immensely powerful immune system of the body, an organ system that has evolved over…

A: Human immune virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which attacks the immune cells of the body. It affects the…

Q: From the standpoint of defending the human body, why would it be beneficial for the cells that line…

A: Toll-like (TLR's) receptors are present in the cell membrane, which plays an important role in the…

Q: Pathogens produce several types of proteins that can inhibit complement activation. The importance…

A: Complement activation is one of the most important ways of innate immune system, to get rid of…

Q: Mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens that have adapted to life inside phagocytic cells, such as…

A: Mycobacterium is obligate aerobes. Mycobacteria infect mononuclear phagocytes. Mycobacteria are…

Q: in order for phagocytic cells to recognize pathogens, the        on the pathogen surface must…

A: Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within…

Q: Which type of T-cell activates a macrophage to greater killing power in the presence of an…

A: A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the thymus gland (hence the name) and plays a…

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)? A) Each ILC type responds to a…

A: Innate lymphoid cells are immune cells that mirror the phenotype and function of T cells. It…

Q: The classic inflammatory response (heat, swelling, redness, pain) reflects the communication of…

A: The classic inflammatory response is a complex and coordinated series of events orchestrated by the…

Q: Which of the following statements are TRUE about the process of inflammation? (Select all that…

A: Inflammation refers to the  body's process of fighting against infections, injuries, and toxins, in…

Q: How are PRRs different from B- or T-cell receptors? Which is most likely to be involved in innate…

A: Hope it help answer your questions. Let me know if you have any clarification. thank you

Q: What is the immunological function of a Toll-like receptor?

A: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors that serve as the body's first line of defence…

Q: A healthy intestinal mucosa is one in which induced adaptive immune responses to pathogenic…

A: Disclaimer: As per Bartleby guidelines, we will answer only the first question. Kindly repost the…

Q: Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. PAMPs recognize…

A: Introduction  Immunity is an ability of an organism to fight against a particular infection. There…

Q: Ingestion of complement-tagged pathogens by phagocytes is mediated by receptors for the bound…

A: INTRODUCTION The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system…

Q: Describe several reasons why phagocytes are not alwayseffective at removing pathogens from the body

A: Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and…

Q: Where is the CD4 receptor?  What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs…

A: The human immune system is made up of the ancient innate immune system that originated from…

Q: TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2…

A: TLR is a toll-like receptor. It is a class of pattern recognition molecules that function as a…

Q: Which of the following proteins downregulates the classical complement cascade by breaking up the C3…

A: The classical complement (CMP) pathway is considered as the method, which helps in the activation of…

Q: Which of the following is true about innate immune system? Check all that apply. Rig-I-like…

A: Innate Immune system It refers to the non-specific immunity that individuals are born with. It is…

Q: What part of defense would likely be affected if the pathogen contained a mutation in it's…

A: Pathogens are the organisms which upon entering in to the  host causes infectious diseases.…

Q: In vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a…

A: Complement System --- Complement system is a part of immune system known as innate immune system…

Q: It's the first day of university exams and Sarah has woken up with a sore throat, headache, muscle…

A: Viral infection-The infection which is caused by the virus is called viral infection. There are…

Q: PAMPS, TLRs, interferon

A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus which attacks the human (body's) immune system.   it…

Q: phagocytic cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns using their:  Group of answer…

A: Pattern recognition receptors(PRR) These are class of transmembrane toll like receptors(TLRs) found…

Q: non-hematopoietic cell types that aid in parasite expulsion

A: T helper 2 (TH2) response or a type 2 cytokine response is commonly seen as an immune response…