An electrophoretic mobility shift assay can be used to study the binding of proteins to a segment of DNA. In the results shown here, an EMSA was used to examine the requirements for the binding of RNA polymerase |l (from eukaryotic cells) to the promoter of a protein-encoding gene. The assembly of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase Il at the core promoter is described in Week 4. In this experiment, the segment of DNA containing a promoter sequence was 1100 bp in length. The fragment was mixed with various combinations of proteins and then subjected to an EMSA. Lane 1: No proteins added Lane 2: TFIID Lane 3: TFIIB Lane 4: RNA polymerase Il Lane 5: TFIID + TFIIB Lane 6: TFIID + RNA polymerase II 2 3 4 7 Lane 7: TFIID + TFIIB + RNA polymerase II 1100 bp Explain the results.

Q: The tac promoter, an artificial promoter made from portions of the frp and lacUV5 promoters, has…

A: The lac operon is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E.coli and many…

Q: Tỏ idéntify transcriptional regulatory elements, reporters containing 100 base pairs of Promoter…

A: Reporter genes help us to understand and determine the expression of gene of interest by fusing them…

Q: Imagine that you are studying the promoters of genes in E. coli. You notice that genes that are…

A: Lac operon in E.coli. is negatively inducible operon. It has 3 structural genes - LacZ - encodes…

Q: Debes et al recently described how aging in humans, mice, nematodes, and other eukaryotes is…

A: Mediator Proteins:Prediction: Overexpression of Mediator proteins would likely reduce…

Q: To identify transcriptional regulatory elements, reporters containing 100 base pairs of Promoter…

A: Transcriptional regulatory elements are the genetic segments that act as the binding sites for…

Q: ne of the main lessons of this chapter is that several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a…

A: As given: Several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a single promoter into a large…

Q: The data below depicts the binding of the E coli RNA Polymerase to DNA containing a promoter…

A: RNA polymerase is specific enzyme that synthesized RNA from the strand of DNA. They helps to copying…

Q: Complete Table 1, indicating how much (lots, little, none) of the above gene product would be made…

A: An operon is a single transcription unit that can include many genes that code for different…

Q: A full-length eukaryotic gene is inserted into a bacterial chromosome. The gene contains a complete…

A: The eukaryotic DNA is composed of coding and non-coding sequences, almost 90% are non-coding…

Q: You have isolated a protein that binds to DNA in the region upstream of the promoter sequence of a…

A: The promoter is the site of RNA polymerase binding that is very important step in the initiation…

Q: Describe and explain the 3-D structural change to the protein (uniprotkb-p39086/gene regulator 5)…

A: Answer-- 3-D structure of proteins is the level of protein structure at which an entire polypeptide…

Q: Name the lambda promoters whose expression is regulated by the cro protein. For each promoter you…

A: CI represses cro and Cro represses cI. This is referred to as the double-negative feedback loop and…

Q: onsider Figure 3, which shows some features of a eukaryotic gene. A, B, C are exons while 1, 2 are…

A: INTRODUCTION When an RNA transcript is first made during a eukaryotic cell, it's considered a…

Q: one promoter can regulate the expression of different polypeptides (proteins) in both prokaryotes…

A: Promoter sequences are DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase…

Q: Rsearcher has discovered that one human promoter is responsible for producing two different proteins…

A: Introduction The information needed to build proteins is stored in the DNA of an organism. A unique…

Q: A eukaryotic cDNA was ligated to a phage DNA which was transfected into a bacterial host cell. The…

A: The cDNA is produced from the mature mRNA by the action of reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Q: A rice MADS box transcription factor gene contains a number of sequences that are removed in the…

A: In eukaryotes including rice mRNA processing involves the removal of introns which are non-coding…

Q: With several molecular biology techniques, researchers identified that the intertwined sequence…

A: Cell division is regulated by a network of genes and proteins through cell cycle checkpoints.…

Q: Mechanistic analysis of silencing mechanisms showed that exogenous double-stranded RNA was processed…

A: We know that RNA interference is a conserved mechanism of gene regulation that is induced by small…

Q: Diagram the fate of the dsRNA once it enters a cell, highlighting the enzymatic reactions that…

A: RNAi is a biological molecular process, where dsRNA molecules perform the sequence specific…

Q: You have identified an enhancer that drives Pax6 expression in the developing lens and cornea of the…

A: To explain in more detail, we need to break down the process step by step and analyze the northern…

Q: The IMD2 promoter contains three upstream transcription start sites (TSS) that are utilized under…

A: Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMD2) is a key enzyme in the purine biosynthesis pathway that…

Q: c) You use chromatin immunoprecipitation to measure the location and amount of transcription factors…

A: Transcription factors are protein molecules which bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene…

Q: How would you use a ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation) to show that when RNA pol II is bound at…

A: Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a technique used for the investigation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic…

Q: You have isolated a mutant that you call Mutant Z. In a Mutant Z strain, the RNA polymerase can bind…

A: Here, the correct answer is option c) domain 2 of sigma and d) 3/4 linker of sigma.

Q: The PIC is highly conserved among species, from yeast to humans. Why is the positioning of the first…

A: PIC stands for the pre-initiation complex. The core promoter region comprising of the initiator…

Q: Using RNA-seq analysis of transcripts isolated from different organs in mice, you find that the…

A: The gene is the sequence of DNA which can code for the functional protein. The lacZ is the reporter…

Q: Itransferases and analyze the cells after they at do you expect to find in the promoter of gene X?…

A: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) resides within the bone marrow, which serves as niche for the…

Q: You are studying how the expression of Gene F is regulated. Initially, you identified three…

A: Step 1:To determine if any of the potential regulatory elements bind a transcriptional activator, we…

Q: One of the main lessons of this chapter is that several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a…

A: As given: Several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a single promoter into a large…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.