3. Based on the stomach empty model, the liquid empty process follows first-order kinetics, whilethe digestible solid empty process follows zero-order kinetics.a) If we know the rate constant for liquid empty k = 6 × 104/s, please compute the half-life t1/2 ofgastric emptying for this liquid.b) At time t = 3 × 1/2, i.e. triple the half-life, what percentage of gastric volume is still filled withthe liquid?c) How long does it take to reduce the percentage of gastric volume filled with liquid to 5%?d) If we know the rate constant for digestible solid empty ks = 1.5 × 10-4/s, and the lag phase is 45min, please compute the total time required for fully emptying the digestible solid.

a) The half-life t1/2 for gastric emptying of the liquid can be calculated using the following…

Answered: 3. Based on the stomach empty model,…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Similar questions

1. 65 years old woman with low physical activity got the excess carbohydrates (about 400 g daily) for several years. The laboratory value of total cholesterol in serum blood was 260 mg/dl. Why the excess consumption of carbohydrates can cause hypercholesterolemia? To answer the question: a) compare the cholesterol concentration in the serum blood of the patient with the normal range; b) draw the schemes of the metabolic pathways confirming that overeating of carbohydrates can result in hypercholesterolemia; c) draw the scheme of the cholesterol synthesis regulation; d) give your prescriptions for the diet and treatment of the patient.
10. In an abnormal hemoglobin variant known as Hemoglobin-Kariya, the lysine residues at position 40 in the ß-chains are replaced by glutamic acid residues. a) What effect would you expect this change to have on the quaternary structure and oxygen binding properties of hemoglobin? b) Draw a diagram to illustrate the difference in the oxygen binding curves that would be obtained with normal hemoglobin and Hemoglobin-Kariya.
Rat heart muscle operating aerobically fills more than 90% of its ATP needs by oxidative phosphorylation. If each gram of tissue consumes O2 at the rate of 12.0 micromol/min, with glucose as the fuel source. (a) Calculate the rate at which the heart muscle consumes glucose and produces ATP. (b) Consider an alternate scenario – what would be the rate of consumption if the energy source was a solely triglycerides whose fatty acyl chains were each 14-C in length and saturated? (Assume the O2 consumption rate remains at 12.0 micromol/min) (c) For a steady-state concentration of ATP of 6.0 micromol/g of heart muscle tissue, calculate the time required (in seconds) to completely turn over the cellular pool of ATP if glucose us used as the sole fuel source. What does this result indicate about the need for tight regulation of ATP production? (Note: Concentrations are expressed as micromoles per gram of muscle tissue because the tissue is mostly water.)
5. During prolonged fasting, amino acids derived from muscle proteins and connective tissue become the main substrate for gluconcogenesis. How does glutamate enter the gluconeogenesis? For answer: a) write a reaction of the glutamate conversion into a-ketoglutarate, name the enzyme, indicate the encrgy effect of the reaction; b) draw a diagram for the a-ketoglutarate conversion to oxaloacetate and consequent including of OAA to gluconcogenesis, specify the reactions associated with ATP consumption; c) name the hormones that accelerate gluconeogenesis during fasting and regulatory enzymes of the process; and describe the mechanism of signal transduction by these hormones.
7. Representative values of Vm and ApH for the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane at 25°C are provided in the table. Vm Арн 1.0 pmf Inner mitochondrial 0.166 V 0.2251 membrane Thylakoid membrane O,1483 0.03 V B) What is the value of AG for the thermodynamically feasible (“downhill") movement of 1 mole of H across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Given: Factor VIIa is a man-made protein analog to Factor VII, which is involved in coagulation. (Answer a, b, and c)a. Identify both a competitive and non-competitive inhibitor for Factor VIIa b. Draw a graph showing how both of these molecules will change the Velocity/[S] graph, and explain why this is the case. c. What would a graph look like if both inhibitors were added?
4. An enzyme-substrate complex has a Kd = 100 nM. A competitive inhibitor with which of the following Ki values will be most effective at inhibiting this enzyme? A) K₁ = 10 nM B) K₁ = 100 nM C) K₁ = 1000 nM D) None of the above - only the KM is important Briefly explain:
The Nutrition Facts label on most food products shows % daily values based on a food energy requirement of 8,360 kJ (2,000 kcal) at normal resting state. a) Assuming that the efficiency of converting food energy to ATP is 50%, calculate the mass of ATP (in kg) that is harvested daily by the human body from 8,360 kJ of food energy. A total of 30.5 kJ of energy is needed to synthesize one mole of ATP under standard conditions. The molar mass of ATP is 505 g/mol. b) For an average 68-kg (150 lbs.) human adult, calculate the % mass of extracted ATP (from your answer in 2a) relative to body weight.
Which of the following is not likely to favor an overall delta G value that is negative? A) O The complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and water. B) OA molecule moving down its concentration gradient (i.e., high to low concentration) C) O The reduction of carbon dioxide to form glucose (i.e., 6 CO2 + 6 H2O to form C6H1206+ 6 02). D) OA process that results in an increase in entropy E) O increasing the quantity of reactants over products in a chemical reaction by 1000X
1. Pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme) that forms in the main cells of the stomach has a molecular weight of 42,000 D. In the gastric juice, the pepsinogen turns into the active enzyme pepsin, while its molecular weight decreases to 35,000 D. Explain the mechanism of regulation of enzyme activity. To do this: a) draw a scheme for regulating the activation of pepsin; b) name the class of the enzyme that converts pepsinogen to pepsin; c) indicate which levels of protein structural organization change when pepsin is activated.
Using Hb + O2 <-> HbO2, show how the equation shifts according to the law of mass action when O2 concentration increases or decreases.
Glycogen is the major animal storage polysaccharide, and is a polymer of glucose. a) List ALL the biochemical steps involved in storing GLUCOSE as glycogen b) Give NAME/S of the ENZYMES involved in EACH listed step c) What PULLS the reaction forward? d) Give the NAME of the tissue where these steps occur. (HINT: remember glycogen is branched chain).

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