(a) Interpretation: For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written. Concept introduction: An ester consists of a O = C − O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate . The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Question

A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Answer 1

Question

Chapter F, Problem F.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of a O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

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A small artisanal cheesemaker is testing the acidity of their milk before it coagulates. During fermentation, bacteria produce lactic acid (K₁ = 1.4 x 104), a weak acid that helps to curdle the milk and develop flavor. The cheesemaker has measured that the developing mixture contains lactic acid at an initial concentration of 0.025 M. Your task is to calculate the pH of this mixture and determine whether it meets the required acidity for proper cheese development. To achieve the best flavor, texture and reduce/control microbial growth, the pH range needs to be between pH 4.6 and 5.0. Assumptions: Lactic acid is a monoprotic acid H H :0:0: H-C-C H :0: O-H Figure 1: Lewis Structure for Lactic Acid For simplicity, you can use the generic formula HA to represent the acid You can assume lactic acid dissociation is in water as milk is mostly water. Temperature is 25°C 1. Write the K, expression for the dissociation of lactic acid in the space provided. Do not forget to include state symbols.…

Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. :0: :0 H. 0:0 :0: :6: S: :0: Select to Edit Arrows ::0 Select to Edit Arrows H :0: H :CI: Rotation Select to Edit Arrows H. < :0: :0: :0: S:

3:48 PM Fri Apr 4 K Problem 4 of 10 Submit Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Mg. :0: Select to Add Arrows :0: :Br: Mg :0: :0: Select to Add Arrows Mg. Br: :0: 0:0- Br -190 H 0:0 Select to Add Arrows Select to Add Arrows neutralizing workup H CH3

Answer 2

Question

Chapter F, Problem F.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of a O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter F, Problem F.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of a O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter F, Problem F.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of a O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

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Answer 5

Chapter F, Problem F.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of a O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Answer 6

Chapter F, Problem F.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of a O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Answer 7

Chapter F, Problem F.8P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of a O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

For the given molecule, the IUPAC is to be written.

Concept introduction:

An ester consists of an O=C−O group with hydrogen or an alkyl group (R) attached to the carbonyl carbon and another alkyl group (R or R’) attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom. The name of an ester has the general form alkyl alkanoate. The alkyl part denotes the alkyl group attached to the singly bonded oxygen atom while the alkanoate part indicates the alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon in an ester. The alkanoate portion derives from the analogous alkane having the same number of carbon atoms. The basic representation of an ester molecule is shown as:

Answer 12

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Ch. F - Prob. F.1P Ch. F - Prob. F.2P Ch. F - Prob. F.3P Ch. F - Prob. F.4P Ch. F - Prob. F.5P Ch. F - Prob. F.6P Ch. F - Prob. F.7P Ch. F - Prob. F.8P Ch. F - Prob. F.9P Ch. F - Prob. F.10P

Solution Summary: The IUPAC name for the given structure is methyl propanoate.

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