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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The structure for the given trivial name is to be drawn, and the correct IUPAC name is to be written.
Concept introduction:
The trivial names are commonly used names which are not systematic ones. Many trivial names are accepted by IUPAC. Nitriles are derivatives of
In naming organic compounds, the
Number the carbon chain in a way that the functional group and the substituents attached get the lowest number. The position of the functional group and substituents on the parent chain or ring is indicated by the respective locant number just before the suffix. Prefixes are used to denote the number of identical substituents. The substituents are written in alphabetical order when writing the IUPAC name.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem F.30P
The structure and IUPAC name for the given trivial name is
Explanation of Solution
The given trivial name is acrylonitrile.
The given name indicates that the high priority functional group is cynide. The trival name acrylonitrile correlates the derivative of acrylic acid. Structure for acrylic acid is
Nitriles are derived from acids where
The main chain in this molecule is of three carbon atoms thus the root name is propan, and the suffix nitrile is added to the root name. The main chain is numbered starting from the carbon atom of the nitrile group. The main chain has a C=C bond; thus the IUPAC name for acrilonitrile is propenenitrile.
The structure for the given molecule is drawn based on the functional group, and the IUPAC named is written by adding locators to the substituents.
(b)
Interpretation:
The structure for the given trivial name is to be drawn, and the correct IUPAC name is to be written.
Concept introduction:
The trivial names are commonly used names which are not systematic ones. Many trivial names are accepted by IUPAC. Nitriles are derivatives of carboxylic acid. The trivial names of nitriles are deriving from the trivial names of the analogous carboxylic acids.
In naming organic compounds, the functional groups other than the highest priority functional groups are treated as substituents. The root name is established by identifying the longest carbon chain or a ring containing functional group. Remove the e from the normal ane, ene, or yne ending, and add the suffix that corresponds to the highest-priority functional group. Nitriles are the derivatives of carboxylic acid where
Number the carbon chain in a way that the functional group and the substituents attached get the lowest number. The position of the functional group and substituents on the parent chain or ring is indicated by the respective locant number just before the suffix. Prefixes are used to denote the number of identical substituents. The substituents are written in alphabetical order when writing the IUPAC name.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem F.30P
The structure and IUPAC name for the given trivial name is
Explanation of Solution
The given trivial name is fumaronitrile.
The given name indicates that the high priority functional group is cynide. The trival name fumaronitrile correlates to the derivative of fumaric acid (dicarboxylic acid). Structure for fumaric acid is
Nitriles are derived from acids where
The main chain in this molecule is of four carbon atoms; thus the root name is butan. The structure has two cynide groups at both terminals; hence the suffix dinitrile is added to the root name. The main chain is numbered starting from the carbon atom of the nitrile group.
The main chain has a C=C bond; thus the IUPAC name for fumaronitrile is (E) butenedinitrile.
The structure for the given molecule is drawn based on the functional group, and the IUPAC named is written by adding locators to the substituents.
(c)
Interpretation:
The structure for the given trivial name is to be drawn, and the correct IUPAC name is to be written.
Concept introduction:
The trivial names are commonly used names which are not systematic ones. Many trivial names are accepted by IUPAC. Nitriles are derivatives of carboxylic acid. The trivial names of nitriles are deriving from the trivial names of the analogous carboxylic acids.
In naming organic compounds, the functional groups other than the highest priority functional groups are treated as substituents. The root name is established by identifying the longest carbon chain or a ring containing functional group. Remove the e from the normal ane, ene, or yne ending, and add the suffix that corresponds to the highest-priority functional group. Nitriles are the derivatives of carboxylic acid where
Number the carbon chain in a way that the functional group and the substituents attached get the lowest number. The position of the functional group and substituents on the parent chain or ring is indicated by the respective locant number just before the suffix. Prefixes are used to denote the number of identical substituents. The substituents are written in alphabetical order when writing the IUPAC name.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem F.30P
The structure and IUPAC name for the given trivial name is
Explanation of Solution
The given trivial name is malonitrile.
The given name indicates that the high priority functional group is cynide. The trival name malonitrile correlates to the derivative of malonic acid (dicarboxylic acid). Structure for malonic acid is
Nitriles are derived from acids where
The main chain in this molecule is of three carbon atoms; thus the root name is propane. The structure has two cynide groups; hence the suffix dinitrile is added to the root name. The main chain is numbered starting from the carbon atom of nitrile group.
Hence the IUPAC name for malonitrile is propanedinitrile.
The structure for the given molecule is drawn based on the functional group, and the IUPAC named is written by adding locators to the substituents.
(d)
Interpretation:
The structure for the given trivial name is to be drawn, and the correct IUPAC name is to be written.
Concept introduction:
The trivial names are commonly used names which are not systematic ones. Many trivial names are accepted by IUPAC. Nitriles are derivatives of carboxylic acid. The trivial names of nitriles are deriving from the trivial names of the analogous carboxylic acids.
In naming organic compounds, the functional groups other than the highest priority functional groups are treated as substituents. The root name is established by identifying the longest carbon chain or a ring containing functional group. Remove the e from the normal ane, ene, or yne ending, and add the suffix that corresponds to the highest-priority functional group. Nitriles are the derivatives of carboxylic acid where
Number the carbon chain in a way that the functional group and the substituents attached get the lowest number. The position of the functional group and substituents on the parent chain or ring is indicated by the respective locant number just before the suffix. Prefixes are used to denote the number of identical substituents. The substituents are written in alphabetical order when writing the IUPAC name.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem F.30P
The structure and IUPAC name for the given trivial name is
Explanation of Solution
The given trivial name is phthalonitrile.
The given name indicates that the high priority functional group is cynide. The trival name phthalonitrile correlates to the derivative of phthalic acid (dicarboxylic acid). Structure for phthalic acid is
Nitriles are derived from acids where
The parent ring in this molecule is benzene ring; thus the root name is benzene. The structure has two cynide groups attached directly to the ring; hence the suffix dicarbonitrile is added to the root name. The ring is numbered such that carbon atoms attached to nitrile groups get least number.
The IUPAC name for phthalonitrile is bemezene-1, 2-dicarbonitrile because two cynide groups are at C1 and C2.
The structure for the given molecule is drawn based on the functional group, and the IUPAC named is written by adding locators to the substituents.
(e)
Interpretation:
The structure for the given trivial name is to be drawn, and the correct IUPAC name is to be written.
Concept introduction:
The trivial names are commonly used names which are not systematic ones. Many trivial names are accepted by IUPAC. Nitriles are derivatives of carboxylic acid. The trivial names of nitriles are deriving from the trivial names of the analogous carboxylic acids.
In naming organic compounds, the functional groups other than the highest priority functional groups are treated as substituents. The root name is established by identifying the longest carbon chain or a ring containing functional group. Remove the e from the normal ane, ene, or yne ending, and add the suffix that corresponds to the highest-priority functional group. Nitriles are the derivatives of carboxylic acid where
Number the carbon chain in a way that the functional group and the substituents attached get the lowest number. The position of the functional group and substituents on the parent chain or ring is indicated by the respective locant number just before the suffix. Prefixes are used to denote the number of identical substituents. The substituents are written in alphabetical order when writing the IUPAC name.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem F.30P
The structure and IUPAC name for the given trivial name is
Explanation of Solution
The given trivial name is valeronitrile.
The given name indicates that the high priority functional group is cynide. The trival name valeronitrile correlates to the derivative of valeric acid. Structure for valeric acid is
Nitriles are derived from acids where
The main chain in this molecule is of five carbon atoms; thus the root name is pentane. The structure has a cynide group; hence the suffix nitrile is added to the root name. The main chain is numbered starting from the carbon atom of nitrile group.
Hence the IUPAC name for valronitrile is pentanenitrile.
The structure for the given molecule is drawn based on the functional group, and the IUPAC named is written by adding locators to the substituents.
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Chapter F Solutions
Organic Chemistry: Principles and Mechanisms (Second Edition)
- (6 pts - 2 pts each part) Although we focused our discussion on hydrogen light emission, all elements have distinctive emission spectra. Sodium (Na) is famous for its spectrum being dominated by two yellow emission lines at 589.0 and 589.6 nm, respectively. These lines result from electrons relaxing to the 3s subshell. a. What is the photon energy (in J) for one of these emission lines? Show your work. b. To what electronic transition in hydrogen is this photon energy closest to? Justify your answer-you shouldn't need to do numerical calculations. c. Consider the 3s subshell energy for Na - use 0 eV as the reference point for n=∞. What is the energy of the subshell that the electron relaxes from? Choose the same emission line that you did for part (a) and show your work.arrow_forwardNonearrow_forward(9 Pts) In one of the two Rare Earth element rows of the periodic table, identify an exception to the general ionization energy (IE) trend. For the two elements involved, answer the following questions. Be sure to cite sources for all physical data that you use. a. (2 pts) Identify the two elements and write their electronic configurations. b. (2 pts) Based on their configurations, propose a reason for the IE trend exception. c. (5 pts) Calculate effective nuclear charges for the last electron in each element and the Allred-Rochow electronegativity values for the two elements. Can any of these values explain the IE trend exception? Explain how (not) - include a description of how IE relates to electronegativity.arrow_forward
- Please explain thoroughly and provide steps to draw.arrow_forwardAs you can see in the picture, the instrument uses a Xe source. Given that the instrument is capable of measuring from 200-800nm, if Xe was not used, what other source(s) could be used? Refer to figure 7-3. How many monochrometers does this instrument have? Why? Trace the light as it goes from the Xenon lamp all the way to the circle just slightly to the right and a little bit down from S4. What do you think that circle is? In class we talked about many types of these, which kind do you think this one is for a fluorimeter? Why? Explain. What is/are some strategy(ies) that this instrument has for dealing with noise that you see present in the optics diagram? Why does a fluorescence cuvette have to be clear on four sides?arrow_forwardProvide steps and thoroughly solve.arrow_forward
- Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approa...ChemistryISBN:9781305079250Author:Mark S. Cracolice, Ed PetersPublisher:Cengage Learning
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