Concept explainers
To determine: How much ATP is made to the cell from a single glucose molecule by the operation of glycolysis, the formation of acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Concept introduction: Aerobic respiration is a type of
To determine: The location glycolysis, the formation of acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in a eukaryotic cell.
Concept introduction: Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration, in which the oxygen is consumed as a reactant to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is the most efficient mode of respiration in most of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It involves complete combustion or degradation of sugars or organic fuels and produces carbon dioxide (CO2), water, and ATP.
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Biology (MindTap Course List)
- What is the yield of ATP when each of the following substrates is completely oxidized to CO2 by a mammalian cellhomogenate? Assume that glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are fully active. a) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate b) dihydroxyacetone phosphatearrow_forwardWhat would be the effect on ATP production during chemiosmosis and oxidative phorphorylation, if the pH within the inner membrane space of the mitochondrion were decreased, assuming no effect of pH on the structure of proteins in the membrane? a) it would increase b) it would decrease c)it would stay the samearrow_forwardAssume a cell undergoes the Aerobic Respiration option of catabolism. Calculate the number of ATP molecules that it could theoretically generate if it starts with each of thefollowing molecules. 1. a) A 10-unit polysaccharide (i.e., contains 10 glucose molecules) b) Two molecules of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate c) Four molecules of succinic acidarrow_forward
- What products of the citric acid cycle are needed for the electron transport chain? A) NADH/H+NADH/H+ and FADH2FADH2 B) NADH/H+NADH/H+ and HS−CoAHS−CoA C) FADH2FADH2 and HS−CoAarrow_forward5. a) The cell creates molecules of NADH and FADH2to use in the electron transport chain as they are electron carrier molecules. The electron transfers from these moleculesdrives the movement of what molecule across the mitochondrial membrane?b) What is chemiosmosis?c) How does the cell use chemiosmosis to drive overcome the thermodynamic barrier of bringing phosphates close togehter to create ATP?d) What steps of oxidative phosphorylation are in the cytosol and which are in the mitochondria?e) Cellular respiration can be controlled at the post-translational level. What does this mean, using GLUT as an example? Why is post-translational control of GLUT evolutionarilyadaptive over transcriptional control?f) How does establishment of equillibria of various molecules control metabolic reactions? What are three ways high ATP in the cell control cellular respiration?g) Why are the enzymes controlling the initial steps of various biochemical pathways are targeted by allosteric control?arrow_forwardWould you expect ATP to inhibit or stimulate activity of this enzyme in the glycolysis pathway? Why? What is the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP Synthase during oxidative phosphorylation? Where is CO2 produced in aerobic cell respiration? What would happen to chemiosmosis if the pH in the inner membrane space was decreased (lower)? What would happen if there was an absence of O2 in the electron transport chain? How many ATP’s are formed in the process phosphoglyceraldehyde also known as PGAL? Fatty acid chains after subjected to degradative enzymes in the intestines are hydrolyzed (hydrolysis) into 2 Carbon acetic acid fragments (Each fragment becomes an acetyl Co-A molecule). What stage of cellular respiration will this product of lipolysis enter? How many ATP can one fragment produce in cellular respiration? Calculate the number of ATP harvested from complete oxidation (breakdown) of an 18 carbon fatty acid? Calculate the number of ATP harvested from…arrow_forward
- What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle? What happens to each product? OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION: 3A) Thoroughly explain the biological significance of NADH/H* and FADH₂ and their roles in oxidative phosphorylation. 3B) Describe and diagram the general pathway of the electrons from NADH/H+ and FADH2 to 02 during the electron transport chain. 3C) What is "chemiosmotic coupling", and what is its relationship to ATP synthesis? 3D) During oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is phosphorylated?arrow_forwardhow many net ATP molecules does the citric acid cycle generate in total? Consider both ATP generated directly by the citric acid cycle and ATP generated downstream in oxidative phosphorylation using other molecuies generated by the citric acid cycle For your answer, consider ATP and GTP to be equivalent A) 32 B) 20 C) 2 D) 10 E) 1arrow_forwardWhy is cellular respiration important? a) It breaks down carbon dioxide, which is toxic to cells. b) It reduces glucose c) It produces gas, which is essential to cell functions. d) It generates chemical gradients, which have potential energy e) it generates ATP, which cells can use to do workarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is true?a) the ATP synthase adds electrons directly to ADP to make ATP b) acetyl CoA produced in the citric acid cycle carries electrons to the electrontransport chainc) the electron transport chain pumps protons from the cytosol into the inter-membrane space of mitochondriad) carbon monoxide is an electron transport chain blockerarrow_forwardWhat are the differences between β-oxidation in mitochondria and in peroxisomes? What similarities are there between these processes?arrow_forwardEach turn of the citric acid cycle produces: Oa) one molecule of ATP Ob) one molecule of FADH2 O c) three molecules of NADH O d) all of thesearrow_forward
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