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- The movement of a dissolved substance down its concentration gradient is calledReabsorption depends on _________. a. osmosis across the nephron wall b. active transport of sodium across the nephron wall c. a steep solute concentration gradient d. all of the aboveWater concentration in the body is critical for proper functioning. A persons body retains very tight control on water levels without conscious control by the person. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/H2Ocon) to learn more about water concentration in the body. Which organ has primary control over the amount of water in the body?
- Why is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?Solutes tend to diffuse from a region where they are _______ more/less concentrated to an adjacent region where they are ________ more/less concentrated.Drinking too much water can be a bad thing. If someone sweats heavily and drinks lots of water, their sodium levels drop. The resulting water intoxication can be fatal. Why is the sodium balance so important?
- How does increasing solute concentration affect water potential? (a) water potential becomes more positive (b) water potential becomes more negative (c) water potential becomes more positive under certain conditions and more negative under other conditions (d) water potential is not affected by solute concentration (e) water potential is always zero when solutes are dissolved in waterWhich of the following statements about osmoregulation is true? a. In freshwater invertebrates, salts move out of the body into the water because the animal is hypoosmotic to the water. b. A marine teleost has to fight gaining water because it is isoosmotic to the sea. c. Most land animals are osmoconformers. d. Vertebrates are usually osmoregulators. e. Terrestrial animals can regulate their osmolarity withoutexpending energy.Drinking alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. What effect will drinking a beer have on the permeability of kidney tubules to sodium? To water?
- Which of the following does not contribute to the process of filtration? (a) active transport by epithelial cells lining renal tubules (b) large surface area for filtration (c) low permeability of glomerular capillaries (d) high hydrostatic blood pressure in glomerular capillaries (e) podocytesThe rate at which the Na+K+ pump operates is not constant but is controlled by a combined effect of changes in ICF Na+ concentration and ECF K+ concentration. Do you think the changes in both ICF Na+ and ECF K+ concentration following a series of action potentials in a neuron would accelerate, slow down, or have no effect on the Na+K+ pumps in this cell?As the text noted, two-thirds of the water and solutes that the body reclaims by reabsorption in nephrons occurs in the proximal tubule. Proximal tubule cells have large numbers of mitochondria and demand a great deal of oxygen. Explain why.
