Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The reactivity toward
Concept introduction:
In
A chemical species that has the tendency to donate an electron pair to an electrophile in order to form a
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron-rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.
The reactivity depends on the electronegative atoms and halogen atoms in
Strong electronegative atoms are considered strong nucleophiles, which make the favorable condition for
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Organic Chemistry
- 6.49 Reaction of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene with hydrogen iodide yields two compounds A and B, each having the molecular formula C6H₁3I, in the ratio A:B = 90:10. Compound A, on being heated with potassium hydroxide in n-propyl alcohol, gives only 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene. Compound B undergoes elimination under these conditions to give 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene as the major prod- uct. Suggest structures for compounds A and B, and write a reasonable mechanism for the for- mation of each.arrow_forwardA tautometric keto (A) – enol(B) equilibrium may be formulated as follows (A) (B) CH3 – COH ß-----------àCH2 – CHOH Given the following bond energies: C – H = 435kJ mol-1 C – C = 368 C==C = 610 C – O = 357 kJmol-1 C==O = 748 kJmol-1 O – H = 462 kJ mol-1 Calculate the enthalpy change in going from Keto form (A) to the enol form (B)arrow_forward• PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.12 Treating a hindered alkene such as 2-methyl-2-butene with BH3:THE leads to the for- mation of a dialkylborane instead of a trialkylborane. When 2 mol of 2-methyl-2-butene is added to 1 mol of BH3, the product formed is bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane, nicknamed in reagent "disiamylborane." Write its structure. Bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane is a useful certain syntheses that require a sterically hindered borane. (The name “disiamyl" comes from "disecondary-iso-amyl," a completely unsystematic and unacceptable name. The name "amyl" is an old common name for a five-carbon alkyl group.) donbyarrow_forward
- • PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.13 Specify the appropriate alkene and reagents for synthesis of each of the following alcohols by hydroboration–oxidation. (a) (c) OH (e) CH3 OH AH OH no mobe OH ( (b) (d) (f) OH HT H3 D OH OH HO OHarrow_forward7.1 Provide the line structures of the product(s) formed in the following reactions. One block may represent more than one product (a) HBr Diethyl ether (b) H20, H* 7.2 Draw arrows to show movement of electrons in the following reaction. HOH H. H LH 7.3 Study the curved arrows in the two reactions below and provide the structure of the products formed. (a) H. (b) 7.4 Propose a detailed mechanism for the reaction below, showing the structure of the stable intermediate and using curved arrows to indicate electron flow in each step. H-CIarrow_forward8L.4.5arrow_forward
- Ball-and-stick models for four hydrocarbons that each contain six carbon atoms per molecule are shown below. Rank these compounds in order of decreasing Sº values (all are liquids under standard conditions).arrow_forwardTutored Practice Problem 6.3.3 COUNTS TOWARDS GRADE Use formal charge and electronegativity to identify best resonance structure. Close Proble Three inequivalent resonance structures for carbonyl sulfide, SCO, are shown below, Assign formal charges to all atoms in the resonance structures and identify the more likely resonance structure. Note: If a row is not needed, leave it blank. 5-c = ö :S=C - ö: :S-C = 0: A B The more likely resonance structure for SCO is [ v Check & Submit Answer Show Approacharrow_forwardPick all of the symmetric resonance structures of the SO2 molecule. (a) ö=s-ö: (d) ö=s=Ö: (9) : ö –s=ö (b) : ö =s=ö (e) Ö=s=ö (h) ö-s-ö (c) ö=s-Ö: (1) :ö-s-0: (1) :Ö-s=öarrow_forward
- I know bartleby policy but please answer all sub-parts. Thank you.arrow_forwardGive IUPAC names for the following compounds: b. c. e. f.arrow_forwardFrom the enthalpies of reactionH21g2 + F21g2¡ 2 HF1g2 ΔH = -537 kJC1s2 + 2 F21g2¡ CF41g2 ΔH = -680 kJ2 C1s2 + 2 H21g2¡ C2H41g2 ΔH = +52.3 kJcalculate ΔH for the reaction of ethylene with F2:C2H41g2 + 6 F21g2¡ 2 CF41g2 + 4 HF1g2arrow_forward
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