General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781285853918
Author: H. Stephen Stoker
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 5, Problem 5.57EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electron group geometry and Molecular geometry about the central atom for SiH4 has to be predicted using VSEPR theory.

Concept Introduction:

Information about the number of bonds and types of bonds can be obtained from Lewis structure but the molecular geometry cannot be obtained.  Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be given by molecular geometry.  Physical and chemical properties are determined by the molecular geometry of the molecule.

Using VSEPR theory and Lewis structure, the molecular geometry of the molecule that contain less number of atoms can be predicted.  VSEPR theory uses the information from Lewis structure of the molecule to predict the molecular geometry of the molecule.  Main concept of VSEPR theory is that electron pairs that are present in the valence shell adopt arrangement in a way that minimize the repulsion between like charges.

If the central atom contains two electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on opposite side of the nucleus.  This means the angle has to be 180° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in linear.

If the central atom contains three electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on corner of a triangle.  This means the angle has to be 120° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in trigonal planar.

If the central atom contains four electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be in a tetrahedral arrangement.  This means the angle has to be 109° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in tetrahedral.

The collection of valence electron that is present in localized region about central atom in a molecule is known as VSEPR electron group.  This may contain two electrons, four electrons, or six electrons.  The electron group that contain four and six electrons repel each other.

Tetrahedral VSEPR electron group:

The four electron pairs can be of three VSEPR electron groups.  They are 4 bonding electron groups, 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 4 bonding electron groups is tetrahedral.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is trigonal pyramidal.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Trigonal planar VSEPR electron group:

The three electron pairs can be of two VSEPR electron groups.  They are 3 bonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding electron groups is trigonal planar.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Linear VSEPR electron group:

The two electron pairs can be of only one VSEPR electron groups.  It is only 2 bonding electron groups and the geometry associated with it is linear geometry.

Molecules with more than one central atom:

If a molecule contains more than one central atom then the molecular geometry for each central atom is given separately following the same rules applied for the molecules that contain one central atom.

Rules for predicting Geometry of molecules:

  • Lewis structure for the given molecule has to be drawn.
  • The number of VSEPR electron groups present about the central atom has to be counted in Lewis structure.
  • Geometry has to be assigned considering minimum repulsion between the electron groups.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 5.57EP

Electron group geometry is tetrahedral and molecular geometry about the central atom in SiH4 is tetrahedral.

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is SiH4.  The Lewis structure for SiH4 can be drawn as shown below,

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 5, Problem 5.57EP , additional homework tip  1

The above drawn structure for SiH4 contains only one central atom.  The central atom is a silicon atom.  The central silicon atom has four bonding electron groups and zero nonbonding electron groups.  The arrangement around this central silicon atom is tetrahedral arrangement.  Looking for molecular geometry, this central silicon atom contains four bonding electron groups and zero nonbonding electron groups and it has tetrahedral geometry as per VSEPR theory.

The electron group geometry and molecular geometry about the central atom is tetrahedral.

Conclusion

Electron group geometry and molecular geometry is predicted for SiH4 using VSEPR theory.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electron group geometry and Molecular geometry about the central atom for NH2 has to be predicted using VSEPR theory.

Concept Introduction:

Information about the number of bonds and types of bonds can be obtained from Lewis structure but the molecular geometry cannot be obtained.  Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be given by molecular geometry.  Physical and chemical properties are determined by the molecular geometry of the molecule.

Using VSEPR theory and Lewis structure, the molecular geometry of the molecule that contain less number of atoms can be predicted.  VSEPR theory uses the information from Lewis structure of the molecule to predict the molecular geometry of the molecule.  Main concept of VSEPR theory is that electron pairs that are present in the valence shell adopt arrangement in a way that minimize the repulsion between like charges.

If the central atom contains two electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on opposite side of the nucleus.  This means the angle has to be 180° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in linear.

If the central atom contains three electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on corner of a triangle.  This means the angle has to be 120° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in trigonal planar.

If the central atom contains four electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be in a tetrahedral arrangement.  This means the angle has to be 109° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in tetrahedral.

The collection of valence electron that is present in localized region about central atom in a molecule is known as VSEPR electron group.  This may contain two electrons, four electrons, or six electrons.  The electron group that contain four and six electrons repel each other.

Tetrahedral VSEPR electron group:

The four electron pairs can be of three VSEPR electron groups.  They are 4 bonding electron groups, 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 4 bonding electron groups is tetrahedral.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is trigonal pyramidal.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Trigonal planar VSEPR electron group:

The three electron pairs can be of two VSEPR electron groups.  They are 3 bonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding electron groups is trigonal planar.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Linear VSEPR electron group:

The two electron pairs can be of only one VSEPR electron groups.  It is only 2 bonding electron groups and the geometry associated with it is linear geometry.

Molecules with more than one central atom:

If a molecule contains more than one central atom then the molecular geometry for each central atom is given separately following the same rules applied for the molecules that contain one central atom.

Rules for predicting Geometry of molecules:

  • Lewis structure for the given molecule has to be drawn.
  • The number of VSEPR electron groups present about the central atom has to be counted in Lewis structure.
  • Geometry has to be assigned considering minimum repulsion between the electron groups.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 5.57EP

Electron group geometry is tetrahedral and molecular geometry about the central atom in NH2 is angular.

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is NH2.  The Lewis structure for NH2 can be drawn as shown below,

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 5, Problem 5.57EP , additional homework tip  2

The above drawn structure for NH2 contains only one central atom.  The central atom is a nitrogen atom.  The central nitrogen atom has two bonding electron groups and two nonbonding electron groups.  The arrangement around this central nitrogen atom is tetrahedral arrangement.  Looking for molecular geometry, this central nitrogen atom contains two bonding electron groups and two nonbonding electron groups and it has angular geometry as per VSEPR theory.

The electron group geometry is tetrahedral and molecular geometry about the central atom is angular.

Conclusion

Electron group geometry and molecular geometry is predicted for NH2 using VSEPR theory.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electron group geometry and Molecular geometry about the central atom for ClNO has to be predicted using VSEPR theory.

Concept Introduction:

Information about the number of bonds and types of bonds can be obtained from Lewis structure but the molecular geometry cannot be obtained.  Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be given by molecular geometry.  Physical and chemical properties are determined by the molecular geometry of the molecule.

Using VSEPR theory and Lewis structure, the molecular geometry of the molecule that contain less number of atoms can be predicted.  VSEPR theory uses the information from Lewis structure of the molecule to predict the molecular geometry of the molecule.  Main concept of VSEPR theory is that electron pairs that are present in the valence shell adopt arrangement in a way that minimize the repulsion between like charges.

If the central atom contains two electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on opposite side of the nucleus.  This means the angle has to be 180° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in linear.

If the central atom contains three electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on corner of a triangle.  This means the angle has to be 120° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in trigonal planar.

If the central atom contains four electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be in a tetrahedral arrangement.  This means the angle has to be 109° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in tetrahedral.

The collection of valence electron that is present in localized region about central atom in a molecule is known as VSEPR electron group.  This may contain two electrons, four electrons, or six electrons.  The electron group that contain four and six electrons repel each other.

Tetrahedral VSEPR electron group:

The four electron pairs can be of three VSEPR electron groups.  They are 4 bonding electron groups, 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 4 bonding electron groups is tetrahedral.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is trigonal pyramidal.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Trigonal planar VSEPR electron group:

The three electron pairs can be of two VSEPR electron groups.  They are 3 bonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding electron groups is trigonal planar.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Linear VSEPR electron group:

The two electron pairs can be of only one VSEPR electron groups.  It is only 2 bonding electron groups and the geometry associated with it is linear geometry.

Molecules with more than one central atom:

If a molecule contains more than one central atom then the molecular geometry for each central atom is given separately following the same rules applied for the molecules that contain one central atom.

Rules for predicting Geometry of molecules:

  • Lewis structure for the given molecule has to be drawn.
  • The number of VSEPR electron groups present about the central atom has to be counted in Lewis structure.
  • Geometry has to be assigned considering minimum repulsion between the electron groups.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 5.57EP

Electron group geometry is trigonal planar and molecular geometry about the central atom in ClNO is angular.

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is ClNO.  The Lewis structure for ClNO can be drawn as shown below,

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 5, Problem 5.57EP , additional homework tip  3

The above drawn structure for ClNO contains only one central atom.  The central atom is a nitrogen atom.  The central nitrogen atom has two bonding electron groups and one nonbonding electron groups.  The arrangement around this central nitrogen atom is trigonal planar arrangement.  Looking for molecular geometry, this central nitrogen atom contains two bonding electron groups and one nonbonding electron groups and it has angular geometry as per VSEPR theory.

The electron group geometry is trigonal planar and molecular geometry about the central atom is angular.

Conclusion

Electron group geometry and molecular geometry is predicted for ClNO using VSEPR theory.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Electron group geometry and Molecular geometry about the central atom for CO32- has to be predicted using VSEPR theory.

Concept Introduction:

Information about the number of bonds and types of bonds can be obtained from Lewis structure but the molecular geometry cannot be obtained.  Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be given by molecular geometry.  Physical and chemical properties are determined by the molecular geometry of the molecule.

Using VSEPR theory and Lewis structure, the molecular geometry of the molecule that contain less number of atoms can be predicted.  VSEPR theory uses the information from Lewis structure of the molecule to predict the molecular geometry of the molecule.  Main concept of VSEPR theory is that electron pairs that are present in the valence shell adopt arrangement in a way that minimize the repulsion between like charges.

If the central atom contains two electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on opposite side of the nucleus.  This means the angle has to be 180° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in linear.

If the central atom contains three electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on corner of a triangle.  This means the angle has to be 120° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in trigonal planar.

If the central atom contains four electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be in a tetrahedral arrangement.  This means the angle has to be 109° between them.  This type of arrangement for electron pair result in tetrahedral.

The collection of valence electron that is present in localized region about central atom in a molecule is known as VSEPR electron group.  This may contain two electrons, four electrons, or six electrons.  The electron group that contain four and six electrons repel each other.

Tetrahedral VSEPR electron group:

The four electron pairs can be of three VSEPR electron groups.  They are 4 bonding electron groups, 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 4 bonding electron groups is tetrahedral.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is trigonal pyramidal.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Trigonal planar VSEPR electron group:

The three electron pairs can be of two VSEPR electron groups.  They are 3 bonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding electron groups is trigonal planar.  The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is angular.

Linear VSEPR electron group:

The two electron pairs can be of only one VSEPR electron groups.  It is only 2 bonding electron groups and the geometry associated with it is linear geometry.

Molecules with more than one central atom:

If a molecule contains more than one central atom then the molecular geometry for each central atom is given separately following the same rules applied for the molecules that contain one central atom.

Rules for predicting Geometry of molecules:

  • Lewis structure for the given molecule has to be drawn.
  • The number of VSEPR electron groups present about the central atom has to be counted in Lewis structure.
  • Geometry has to be assigned considering minimum repulsion between the electron groups.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 5.57EP

Electron group geometry is trigonal planar and molecular geometry about the central atom in CO32- is trigonal planar.

Explanation of Solution

Given molecule is CO32-.  The Lewis structure for CO32- can be drawn as shown below,

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 5, Problem 5.57EP , additional homework tip  4

The above drawn structure for CO32- contains only one central atom.  The central atom is a carbon atom.  The central carbon atom has three bonding electron groups and zero nonbonding electron groups.  The arrangement around this central carbon atom is trigonal planar arrangement.  Looking for molecular geometry, this central carbon atom contains three bonding electron groups and zero nonbonding electron groups and it has trigonal planar geometry as per VSEPR theory.

The electron group geometry is trigonal planar and molecular geometry about the central atom is trigonal planar.

Conclusion

Electron group geometry and molecular geometry is predicted for CO32- using VSEPR theory.

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Chapter 5 Solutions

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.3 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.3 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.3 - Prob. 4QQCh. 5.3 - Prob. 5QQCh. 5.4 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.4 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.4 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.5 - Which of the following is an incorrect statement...Ch. 5.5 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.5 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.6 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.6 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.6 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.6 - Prob. 4QQCh. 5.6 - Prob. 5QQCh. 5.7 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.7 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.7 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.8 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.8 - In VSEPR theory, an angular molecular geometry is...Ch. 5.8 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.8 - Prob. 4QQCh. 5.8 - Prob. 5QQCh. 5.9 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.9 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.9 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.9 - Prob. 4QQCh. 5.10 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.10 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.10 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.10 - As the difference in electronegativity between two...Ch. 5.10 - Prob. 5QQCh. 5.10 - Prob. 6QQCh. 5.11 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.11 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.11 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.11 - Prob. 4QQCh. 5.11 - Prob. 5QQCh. 5.12 - Prob. 1QQCh. 5.12 - Prob. 2QQCh. 5.12 - Prob. 3QQCh. 5.12 - Prob. 4QQCh. 5.12 - Prob. 5QQCh. 5.12 - Prob. 6QQCh. 5 - Contrast the types of elements involved in ionic...Ch. 5 - Contrast the mechanisms by which ionic and...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.3EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.4EPCh. 5 - Indicate whether or not covalent bond formation is...Ch. 5 - Indicate whether or not covalent bond formation is...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures to illustrate the covalent...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures to illustrate the covalent...Ch. 5 - How many nonbonding electron pairs are present in...Ch. 5 - How many nonbonding electron pairs are present in...Ch. 5 - The component elements for four binary molecular...Ch. 5 - The component elements for four binary molecular...Ch. 5 - Specify the number of single, double, and triple...Ch. 5 - Specify the number of single, double, and triple...Ch. 5 - Convert each of the Lewis structures in Problem...Ch. 5 - Convert each of the Lewis structures in Problem...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.17EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.18EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.19EPCh. 5 - Identify the Period 3 nonmetal that would normally...Ch. 5 - How many valence electrons do atoms possess that...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.22EPCh. 5 - What aspect of the following Lewis structure...Ch. 5 - What aspect of the following Lewis structure...Ch. 5 - Identify the coordinate covalent bond(s) present,...Ch. 5 - Identify the coordinate covalent bond(s) present,...Ch. 5 - Without actually drawing the Lewis structure,...Ch. 5 - Without actually drawing the Lewis structure,...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.29EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.30EPCh. 5 - Draw the Lewis structure for each of the molecules...Ch. 5 - Draw the Lewis structure for each of the molecules...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures to illustrate the bonding in...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures to illustrate the bonding in...Ch. 5 - How many electron dots should appear in the Lewis...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.36EPCh. 5 - Draw Lewis structures for the following polyatomic...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures for the following polyatomic...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules...Ch. 5 - Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules...Ch. 5 - In which of the following pairs of diatomic...Ch. 5 - In which of the following pairs of diatomic...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.45EPCh. 5 - What is the molecular geometry associated with...Ch. 5 - Specify the molecular geometry of each of the...Ch. 5 - Specify the molecular geometry of each of the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.49EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.50EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.51EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.52EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.53EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.54EPCh. 5 - Using VSEPR theory, predict the molecular geometry...Ch. 5 - Using VSEPR theory, predict the molecular geometry...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.57EPCh. 5 - Specify both the VSEPR electron group geometry...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.59EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.60EPCh. 5 - Using a periodic table, but not a table of...Ch. 5 - Using a periodic table, but not a table of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.63EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.64EPCh. 5 - Place + above the atom that is relatively positive...Ch. 5 - Place + above the atom that is relatively positive...Ch. 5 - Rank the following bonds in order of increasing...Ch. 5 - Rank the following bonds in order of increasing...Ch. 5 - Classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar...Ch. 5 - Classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.71EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.72EPCh. 5 - Fill in the blanks in each line of the following...Ch. 5 - Fill in the blanks in each line of the following...Ch. 5 - Four hypothetical elements, A, B, C, and D, have...Ch. 5 - Four hypothetical elements, A, B, C, and D, have...Ch. 5 - Indicate whether each of the following...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.78EPCh. 5 - Indicate whether each of the following triatomic...Ch. 5 - Indicate whether each of the following triatomic...Ch. 5 - Indicate whether each of the following molecules...Ch. 5 - Indicate whether each of the following molecules...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.83EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.84EPCh. 5 - Indicate which molecule in each of the following...Ch. 5 - Indicate which molecule in each of the following...Ch. 5 - Successive substitution of F atoms for H atoms in...Ch. 5 - Successive substitution of F atoms for H atoms in...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.89EPCh. 5 - Indicate whether or not each of the following...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.91EPCh. 5 - Name the following binary molecular compounds? a....Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.93EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.94EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.95EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.96EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.97EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.98EPCh. 5 - Write chemical formulas for the following binary...Ch. 5 - Write chemical formulas for the following binary...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.101EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.102EPCh. 5 - The compound whose molecles contain one atom of C...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.104EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.105EPCh. 5 - The correct name for the compound K2SO4 is not...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.107EPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.108EP
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