EBK MICROBIOLOGY:W/DISEASES BY BODY...-
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780134608242
Author: BAUMAN
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 5, Problem 15SA
A laboratory scientist notices that a cer1ain bacterium does not utilize lactose when glucose is available in its environment. Describe a cellular regulatory mechanism that would explain this observation
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Penicillin is an antibiotic. It kills bacteria by preventing the formation of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. Penicillin does so by inhibiting the enzyme Transpeptidase, which is required for peptidoglycan layer formation. What type of inhibitor is Penicillin? Explain.
A bacterial lactose transporter, which is highly specific for lactose, contains a Cys residue that is essential to its transport activity. Covalent reaction of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) with this Cys residue irreversibly inactivates the transporter. A high concentration of lactose in the medium prevents inactivation by NEM, presumably by sterically protecting the Cys residue, which is in or near the lactose-binding site. You know nothing else about the transporter protein. Suggest an experiment that might allow you to determine the Mr of this Cys-containing transporter polypeptide.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
EBK MICROBIOLOGY:W/DISEASES BY BODY...-
Ch. 5 - How can oxidation take place in an anaerobic...Ch. 5 - Why do electrons carried by NADH allow for...Ch. 5 - Why does catabolism of amino acids for energy...Ch. 5 - An uninformed student describes the Calvin-Benson...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5TMWCh. 5 - Why is feedback inhibition necessary for...Ch. 5 - Breaks a large molecule into smaller ones a....Ch. 5 - Includes dehydration synthesis reactions a....Ch. 5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 5 - Prob. 4MC
Ch. 5 - Involves the production of cell membrane...Ch. 5 - Includes hydrolytic reactions a. anabolism only b....Ch. 5 - Includes metabolism a. anabolism only b. both...Ch. 5 - Prob. 8MCCh. 5 - A reduced molecule _________. a. has gained...Ch. 5 - Prob. 10MCCh. 5 - Coenzymes are ________. a. types of apoenzymes b....Ch. 5 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 5 - Which of the following does not affect the...Ch. 5 - Most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve the...Ch. 5 - Under ideal conditions, the fermentation of one...Ch. 5 - Under ideal conditions, the complete aerobic...Ch. 5 - Which of the following statements about the...Ch. 5 - Reactions involved in the light-independent...Ch. 5 - The glycolysis pathway is basically __________. a....Ch. 5 - A major difference between anaerobic respiration...Ch. 5 - 1. _______ Occurs when energy from a compound...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 1. The final electron acceptor...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 2. Two ATP molecules are used...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 3. The initial catabolism of...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 4. ________ is a cyclic series...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 5. The final electron acceptor...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 6. Three common inorganic...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 7. Anaerobic respiration...Ch. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 8. Complete the following...Ch. 5 - Prob. 9FIBCh. 5 - Fill in the Blanks 10 The main coenzymes that...Ch. 5 - VISUALIZE IT! 1 Label the mitochondrion to...Ch. 5 - Label the diagram below to indicate acetyl-CoA,...Ch. 5 - Examine the biosynthetic pathway for the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 1SACh. 5 - Why we enzymes necessary for anabolic reactions to...Ch. 5 - How do organisms control the rate of metabolic...Ch. 5 - How does a nor-competitive inhibitor at a single...Ch. 5 - Explain the mechanism of negative feedback with...Ch. 5 - Facultative anaerobes can live under either...Ch. 5 - How does oxidation of a molecule occur without...Ch. 5 - List at least four groups of microorganisms that...Ch. 5 - Why do we breathe oxygen and give of carbon...Ch. 5 - Why do cyanobacteria and algae take in carbon...Ch. 5 - What happens to the carbon atoms in sugar...Ch. 5 - How do yeast cells make alcohol and cause bread to...Ch. 5 - Where specifically does the most significant...Ch. 5 - Why are vitamins essential metabolic factors for...Ch. 5 - A laboratory scientist notices that a cer1ain...Ch. 5 - Arsenic is a poison that exists in two states in...Ch. 5 - Explain why an excess of all three of the amino...Ch. 5 - Why might an organism that uses glycolysis and the...Ch. 5 - Describe how bacterial fermentation causes milk to...Ch. 5 - Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica are...Ch. 5 - Two cultures of a facultative anaerobe are grown...Ch. 5 - What is the maximum number of molecules of ATP...Ch. 5 - In terms of its effects on human metabolism, why...Ch. 5 - Cyanide is a potent poison because it irreversibly...Ch. 5 - How are photophosphorylation and oxidative...Ch. 5 - Members of the pathogenic bacterial genus...Ch. 5 - Compare and contrast aerobic respiration,...Ch. 5 - Scientists estimate that up to one-third of Earths...Ch. 5 - A young student was troubled by the idea that a...Ch. 5 - If a bacterium uses beta-oxidation to catabolize a...Ch. 5 - Some desert rodents rarely have water to drink....Ch. 5 - Prob. 17CTCh. 5 - We have examined the total ATP, NADH, and FADH2...Ch. 5 - Explain why hyperthermophiles do not cause disease...Ch. 5 - In addition to extremes in temperature and pH,...Ch. 5 - Figure 5.18b illustrates events in aerobic...Ch. 5 - Suppose you could insert a tiny pH probe into the...Ch. 5 - Even though Pseudomonas aeruginosa and...Ch. 5 - Photosynthetic organisms are rarely pathogenic....Ch. 5 - Prob. 25CTCh. 5 - A scientist moves a green plant grown in sunlight...Ch. 5 - What class of enzyme is involved in amination...Ch. 5 - Using the following terms, fill in the following...
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- Nitrogenase complexes are irreversibly inactivated by oxygen. Explain how nitrogen-fixing bacteria solve this problem.arrow_forwardExplain why the ability of some microorganisms to produce β-lactamase present prior to their exposure to the antibiotic penicillinarrow_forwardYou inoculate two test tubes with the same amount of identical growth medium and with the same number of identical yeast cells and grow these cells under identical conditions except for the presence or absence of oxygen. b) The cells of both cultures convert glucose to pyruvate via glycolysis, and then further metabolize pyruvate. Are the cells of both cultures able to obtain the same amount of ATP from glycolysis? Explain. Under anaerobic conditions, the carbon from pyruvate will ultimately be found in which molecule? Under aerobic conditions, the carbon from pyruvate will ultimately be found in which molecule?arrow_forward
- Sydney Brennen isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on minimal medium supplemented with intermediates in tryptophan biosynthesis, some mutants were able to grow while others remained unable to grow. Review the data attached to order the biosynthetic pathway by both enzymatic step and by intermediate biomolecule. Label the step impacted by each of the mutant cell lines.arrow_forwardIn a certain bacterial species, the amino acid arginine is synthesized by a particular enzyme so the bacterium does not require arginine in its growth medium. A key enzyme, which we will call arginine synthetase, is necessary for arginine biosynthesis. When these bacteria are given arginine in their growth media, they stop synthesizing arginine intracellularly. Based on this observation alone, propose three different regulatory mechanisms to explain why arginine biosynthesis ceases when arginine is added to the growth medium. To better understand the mechanism of regulation, you measure the amount of intracellular arginine synthetase protein when cells are grown in the presence and absence of arginine. Under both growth conditions, the amount of this protein is identical. Which mechanism of regulation would be consistent with this experimental observation?.arrow_forwardPenicillin is an irreversible inhibitor of the transpeptidases, enzymes that cross-link components of the bacterial cell wall. The cell wall is thus fragile and the bacteria die. Penicillin and its derivatives are structural analogs of the natural substrates of these enzymes. Why doesn't penicillin normally kill humans, unless a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) develops? How does penicillin inhibit transpeptidase?arrow_forward
- Peroxidase is an enzyme found in many organisms, from plant to humans. The function of peroxidase is to break down hydrogen peroxide, which is a toxin produced as a byproduct when oxygen is produced during respiration. Myeloperoxidase is a protein found in neutrophils and catalyzes lipid peroxidation involved in immune defense. The overproduction of myeloperoxidase has been found to function as a mediator for tissue damage in inflammatory diseases. (8 points) a. Identify two examples of environmental factors that may impact myeloperoxidase activity. Describe how each of the environmental factors would affect the reaction rate of the enzyme. b. Predict the how researchers can use myeloperoxidase activity as oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Provide reasoning to justify your prediction.arrow_forwardThere are several applications of microorganisms in industries. One of them is in medical and pharmaceuticals. Name a suitable microorganism and demonstrate its application in producing synthetic human insulin.arrow_forwardThe highly pathogenic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens is responsible for gas gangrene, a condition in which animal tissue structure is destroyed. This bacterium secretes an enzyme that efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of the peptide bond indicated in red: where X and Y are any of the 20 common amino acids. How does the secretion of this enzyme contribute to the invasiveness of this bacterium in human tissues? Why does thisenzyme not affect the bacterium itself?arrow_forward
- Some bacteria contain three different forms of aspartokinase, each with its own mode of regulation. Based on the roles of aspartoki- nase, as discussed in the text, propose a regulatory scheme applicable to each form of aspartokinase.arrow_forwardEnzymatic activity is rapidly destroyed at physiologically high temperatures. How do you reconcile this observation with the existence of bacteria and algae that grow in hot springs where the temperature may be as high as 73 °C?arrow_forwardMucins found on adenocarcinoma cells carry O-glycans terminated with sialic acids (such as the Sialyl Tn antigen) that are smaller and less branched than O-glycans found in healthy epithelial cells. Based on what you know about the biosynthetic pathway for O-glycans, explain this observation.arrow_forward
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